Multilevel inverters have created a new wave of interest in industry and research. While the classical topologies have proved to be a viable alternative in a wide range of high-power medium-voltage applications, there has been an active interest in the evolution of newer topologies. Reduction in overall part count as compared to the classical topologies has been an important objective in the recently introduced topologies. In this paper, some of the recently proposed multilevel inverter topologies with reduced power switch count are reviewed and analyzed. The paper will serve as an introduction and an update to these topologies, both in terms of the qualitative and quantitative parameters. Also, it takes into account the challenges which arise when an attempt is made to reduce the device count. Based on a detailed comparison of these topologies as presented in this paper, appropriate multilevel solution can be arrived at for a given application.

Multilevel Inverter Topologies With Reduced Device Count: A Review

Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are being used in wide range of power electronic applications. These converters have attracted a lot of attention during recent years and exist in different topologies with similar basic concepts. This paper presents five main submodules (SMs) to be used as the basic structures of MLIs. The paper reviews the common MLI topologies from the structural point of view. The topologies are divided into the different SMs to show conventional MLI configurations and future topologies that can be created from the main SMs. A comparative study between different topologies is performed in detail. The MLIs are categorized and investigated with from different perspectives such as the number of components, the ability to create inherent negative voltage, working in regeneration mode and using single dc source.

A General Review of Multilevel Inverters Based on Main Submodules: Structural Point of View

In this paper, a simple novel control strategy is designed and analyzed for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). In the proposed method, batteries are used to balance the slow changing power surges, whereas supercapacitors (SC) are used to balance the fast changing power surges. The main advantage of the proposed control strategy is that, the slow response of battery system including dynamics of battery, controller, and converter operation, is overcome by diverting the power surges to the SC system. The proposed method inherits charge/discharge rate control to improve the life span and reduce the current stresses on battery. The proposed method features less computational burden as it uses simple control strategy. The detailed experimental results presented validate the proposed control strategy for sudden changes in photovoltaic (PV) generation and load demand.

Design and Analysis of Novel Control Strategy for Battery and Supercapacitor Storage System

The idea of Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) lies on the fact that heterogeneous Energy Storage System (ESS) technologies have complementary characteristics in terms of power and energy density, life cycle, response rate, and so on. In other words, high power ESS devices possess fast response rate while in the contrary, high energy ESS devices possess slow response rate. Therefore, it may be beneficial to hybridize ESS technologies in the way that synergize functional advantages of two heterogeneous existing ESS technologies As a consequence, this hybridization provides excellent characteristics not offered by a single ESS unit. This new technology has been proposed and investigated by several researchers in the literature particularly in the fields of renewable energy and electrified transport sector. In this context and according to an extensive literature survey, this paper is to review the concept of the HESS, hybridization principles and proposed topologies, power electronics interface architectures, control and energy management strategies, and application arenas.

Emergence of hybrid energy storage systems in renewable energy and transport applications – A review

One of the most important research topics in drive train topologies applied to electric/hybrid vehicles is the efficiency analysis of the power train components, including the global drive efficiency. In this paper, two basic traction electric drive systems of electric/hybrid vehicles are presented and evaluated, with a special focus on the efficiency analysis. The first topology comprises a traditional pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) battery-powered inverter, whereas in the second topology, the battery is connected to a bidirectional dc-dc converter, which supplies the inverter. Furthermore, a variable-voltage control technique applied to this second topology is presented, which allows for the improvement of the drive overall performance. Some simulation results are presented, considering both topologies and a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). An even more detailed analysis is performed through the experimental validation. Particular attention is given to the evaluation of the main drive components efficiency, including the global drive efficiency, presented in the form of efficiency maps. Other parameters such as motor voltage distortion and power factor are also considered. In addition, the comparison of the two topologies takes into account the drive operation under the motoring and regenerative-braking modes.

Efficiency Analysis of Drive Train Topologies Applied to Electric/Hybrid Vehicles

An electric vehicle powered by fuel cells (FCs) gives far more promising performance. An FC is a clean energy source and has a high energy-storage capability. However, an FC has a slow dynamic response. A secondary power source is needed during start-up and transient conditions. An ultracapacitor can be used as a secondary power source to improve the performance and efficiency of the overall system. Several methods have been devised to connect an energy-storage device to an FC. This paper presents a converter system for connecting an ultracapacitor as secondary energy storage to an FC electric-vehicle system. A bidirectional dc-dc converter is used for interfacing ultracapacitor energy storage to an FC system. The controller of the converter system was designed and implemented based on dynamic evolution control. The performance of the proposed dynamic evolution control is tested through simulation and experiment. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed techniques are suitable for controlling bidirectional dc-dc converters.

Implementation of Dynamic Evolution Control of Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for Interfacing Ultracapacitor Energy Storage to Fuel-Cell System

This paper presents the modeling and simulation of photovoltaic model using MATLAB/Simulink software package. The proposed model is design with a user-friendly icon using Simpower of Simulink block libraries. Taking the effect of irradiance and temperature into consideration, the output current and power characteristic of PV model are simulated using the proposed model. Detailed modeling procedure for the circuit model with numerical values is presented. The simulator is verified by applying the model to 36 W PV modules. The proposed model was found to be better and accurate for any irradiance and temperature variations. The proposed model can be very useful for PV Engineers and expert who require a simple, fast and accurate PV simulator to design their systems.

Modeling and simulation based approach of photovoltaic system in simulink model

Due to world energy crisis and growing demand for energy as the conventional energy sources have become increasingly unable to meet the world demand for the energy. This paper present the design and simulation for maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic system which include a high efficiency dc-dc boost converter with a modified incremental conductance algorithm. The converter is able to draw maximum power from the PV panel for a given solar insolation and temperature by adjusting the duty cycle of the converter. The modelling procedure for the circuit model was presented using MATLAB/Simulink Sim-power. The MPPT system has been tested with solar panel ICO-SPC 100w module under various operating conditions. The obtained results have proven that the MPP is tracked even under sudden change in environmental conditions and loading level

Modelling and simulation of maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic system in Simulink model

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) has higher efficiency and lower emissions compared with the internal combustion engine vehicles. But, the fuel cell has a slow dynamic response. Therefore, a secondary power source is needed during start up and transient conditions. Ultracapacitor can be used as secondary power source. By using ultracapacitor as the secondary power source of the FCEV, the performance and efficiency of the overall system can be improved. In this system, there is a boost converter, which steps up the fuel cell voltage, and a bidirectional DC-DC converter, that couples the ultracapacitor to the dc bus. This paper proposes a new control method based on dynamic evolution control bidirectional DC-DC converter for interfacing ultracapacitor energy storage to a fuel cell system. The whole system with fuel cell model was simulated in Simulink for step change in load current.

Dynamic evolution control of bidirectional DC-DC converter for interfacing ultracapacitor energy storage to Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle system

This paper deals with a boost dc-dc converter for fuel cell application. In fuel cell e lectric vehicles application, a high power boost dc-dc converter is adopted to adjust the output voltage, current and power of fuel cell engine to meet the vehicle requirements. One of challenge in designing a boost converter for high power application is how to handle the high current at the input side. In this paper an interleaved boost dc-dc converter is proposed for current sharing on high power application. Moreover, this converter also reduces the fuel ripple current. Performance of the interleaved boost converter is tested through simulation and experimental results. Keywords: component; Interleaved Boost Converter; Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle; high power application. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v1i2.126

https://ijpeds.iaescore.com/index.php/IJPEDS/article/download/4875/4264

Ahmad Saudi Samosir

Papers

Implementation of Dynamic Evolution Control of Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for Interfacing Ultracapacitor Energy Storage to Fuel-Cell System

Modeling and simulation based approach of photovoltaic system in simulink model

Modelling and simulation of maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic system in Simulink model

Dynamic evolution control of bidirectional DC-DC converter for interfacing ultracapacitor energy storage to Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle system

Simulation and Implementation of Interleaved Boost DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Application