Most of the metal ions are carcinogens and lead to serious health concerns by producing free radicals. Hence, fast and accurate detection of metal ions has become a critical issue. Among various metal ions arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and chromium are considered to be highly toxic. To detect these metal ions, electrochemical biosensors with interfaces such as microorganisms, enzymes, microspheres, nanomaterials like gold, silver nanoparticles, CNTs, and metal oxides have been developed. Among these, nanomaterials are considered to be most promising, owing to their strong adsorption, fast electron transfer kinetics, and biocompatibility, which are very apt for biosensing applications. The coupling of electrochemical techniques with nanomaterials has enhanced the sensitivity, limit of detection, and robustness of the sensors. In this review, toxicity mechanisms of various metal ions and their relationship towards the induction of oxidative stress have been summarized. Also, electrochemical biosensors employed in the detection of metal ions with various interfaces have been highlighted.

A review on detection of heavy metal ions in water – An electrochemical approach

Cadmium is a heavy metal of considerable toxicity with destructive impact on most organ systems. It is widely distributed in humans, the chief sources of contamination being cigarette smoke, welding, and contaminated food and beverages. Toxic impacts are discussed and appear to be proportional to body burden of cadmium. Detoxification of cadmium with EDTA and other chelators is possible and has been shown to be therapeutically beneficial in humans and animals when done using established protocols.

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Cadmium Toxicity and Treatment

Lead, a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin: Plumbum, meaning “the liquid silver”) and has an atomic number 82 in the periodic table. It was the first element that was characterized by its kind of toxicity. In animal systems, lead (Pb) has been incriminated in a wide spectrum of toxic effects and it is considered one of the persistent ubiquitous heavy metals. Being exposed to this metal could lead to the change of testicular functions in human beings as well as in the wildlife. The lead poising is a real threat to the public health, especially in the developing countries. Accordingly, great efforts on the part of the occupational and public health have been taken to curb the dangers of this metal. Hematopoietic, renal, reproductive, and central nervous system are among the parts of the human body and systems that are vulnerable toward the dangers following exposure to high level of Pb. In this review, we discussed the massive harmful impact that leads acetate toxicity has on the animals and the worrying fact that this harmful toxicant can be found quite easily in the environment and abundance. Highlighting its (Pb) effects on various organs in the biological systems, its economic, as well as scientific importance, with the view to educate the public/professionals who work in this area. In this study, we focus on the current studies and research related to lead toxicity in animals and also to a certain extent toward human as well.

/pdf/the-detrimental-effects-of-lead-on-human-and-animal-health-4wyvb1c0lz.pdf

The Detrimental Effects of Lead on Human and Animal Health

http://ssu.ac.ir/cms/fileadmin/user_upload/Mtahghighat/tfood/asil-article/r-z/Protective-effect-of-curcumin-against-heavy-metals-induced-liver-damage_2014_Food-and-Chemical-Toxicology.pdf

Protective effect of curcumin against heavy metals-induced liver damage.

Chemical and biological extraction of metals present in E waste: A hybrid technology.

Oxidative stress has been implicated to play a role, at least in part, in pathogenesis of many disease conditions and toxicities in animals. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species and free radicals beyond the cells intrinsic capacity to neutralize following xenobiotics exposure leads to a state of oxidative stress and resultant damages of lipids, protein, and DNA. Lead and cadmium are the common environmental heavy metal pollutants and have widespread distribution. Both natural and anthropogenic sources including mining, smelting, and other industrial processes are responsible for human and animal exposure. These pollutants, many a times, are copollutants leading to concurrent exposure to living beings and resultant synergistic deleterious health effects. Several mechanisms have been explained for the damaging effects on the body system. Of late, oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the lead- and cadmium-induced pathotoxicity. Several ameliorative measures to counteract the oxidative damage to the body system aftermath or during exposure to these toxicants have been assessed with the use of antioxidants. The present review focuses on mechanism of lead- and cadmium-induced oxidate damages and the ameliorative measures to counteract the oxidative damage and pathotoxicity with the use of supplemented antioxidants for their beneficial effects.

/pdf/oxidative-stress-in-lead-and-cadmium-toxicity-and-its-58rzsoj0ez.pdf

Oxidative Stress in Lead and Cadmium Toxicity and Its Amelioration

The erythrocytic lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were assessed in 106 dogs with diarrhea and/ or vomition and 21 apparently healthy dogs. The total clinical score (CS) was calculated based on fecal consistency, depression and dehydration. Twenty-five of 106 affected dogs were moderately affected (CS = 4 to 6), and 81 were severely affected (CS = 7 to 9). The dogs’ erythrocyte oxidative index (lipid peroxides level, LPO) and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD and catalase, CAT) were measured with respect to clinical score, ±blood in stool, breed and sex of the dog. The severely affected dogs had significantly (p<0.05) higher LPO (7.16 ±0.20 vs 4.94 ±0.17 nmol of MDA/mg of Hb) and CAT activities (0.33 ±0.01 vs. 0.21 ±0.01 units/mg of Hb) as compared to control dogs with clinical score 0. Dogs with bloody stool (n=39) with mean clinical score of 8.56 ±0.08 had significantly lower SOD activity (1.56 ±0.06 vs 1.93 ±0.09 units/ mg of Hb) as compared to dogs without blood in stool (mean CS 6.73 ±0.17). However, the level of LPO, and activities of SOD and CAT were significantly higher than healthy dogs (CS 0). It is concluded that increasing CS was associated with increased level of LPO along with alteration in activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT.

https://www.pjvas.org/index.php/pjvas/article/download/189/169

Amiya Kumar Rautray Rautray

Papers

Oxidative Stress in Lead and Cadmium Toxicity and Its Amelioration

Erythrocytic oxidative stress indices and clinico-biochemical alterations in gastroenteritis in dogs with varied clinical scores