There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Part I. Fundamental Concepts: 1. Introduction and overview 2. Introduction to quantum mechanics 3. Introduction to computer science Part II. Quantum Computation: 4. Quantum circuits 5. The quantum Fourier transform and its application 6. Quantum search algorithms 7. Quantum computers: physical realization Part III. Quantum Information: 8. Quantum noise and quantum operations 9. Distance measures for quantum information 10. Quantum error-correction 11. Entropy and information 12. Quantum information theory Appendices References Index.

Quantum Computation and Quantum Information

The entanglement of a pure state of a pair of quantum systems is defined as the entropy of either member of the pair. The entanglement of formation of a mixed state $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the minimum average entanglement of an ensemble of pure states that represents \ensuremath{\rho}. An earlier paper conjectured an explicit formula for the entanglement of formation of a pair of binary quantum objects (qubits) as a function of their density matrix, and proved the formula for special states. The present paper extends the proof to arbitrary states of this system and shows how to construct entanglement-minimizing decompositions.

Entanglement of Formation of an Arbitrary State of Two Qubits

All our former experience with application of quantum theory seems to say:
{\it what is predicted by quantum formalism must occur in laboratory} But the
essence of quantum formalism - entanglement, recognized by Einstein, Podolsky,
Rosen and Schr\"odinger - waited over 70 years to enter to laboratories as a
new resource as real as energy This holistic property of compound quantum systems, which involves
nonclassical correlations between subsystems, is a potential for many quantum
processes, including ``canonical'' ones: quantum cryptography, quantum
teleportation and dense coding However, it appeared that this new resource is
very complex and difficult to detect Being usually fragile to environment, it
is robust against conceptual and mathematical tools, the task of which is to
decipher its rich structure This article reviews basic aspects of entanglement including its
characterization, detection, distillation and quantifying In particular, the
authors discuss various manifestations of entanglement via Bell inequalities,
entropic inequalities, entanglement witnesses, quantum cryptography and point
out some interrelations They also discuss a basic role of entanglement in
quantum communication within distant labs paradigm and stress some
peculiarities such as irreversibility of entanglement manipulations including
its extremal form - bound entanglement phenomenon A basic role of entanglement
witnesses in detection of entanglement is emphasized

Quantum entanglement

/pdf/convex-analysisnoer-san-nojin-zhan-nituite-5dl2rbmoyr.pdf

Convex Analysisの二,三の進展について

The “transition probability” in the state space of a ∗-algebra

We show that the Wigner-Yanase-Dyson-Lieb concavity is a general property of an interpolation theory which works between pairs of (hilbertian) seminorms. As an application, the theory extends the relevant work of Lieb and Araki to positive linear forms of arbitrary *-algebras. In this context a “relative entropy” is defined for every pair of positive linear forms of a *-algebra with identity. For this generalized relative entropy its joint convexity and its decreasing under identity-preserving completely positive maps is proved.

/pdf/relative-entropy-and-the-wigner-yanase-dyson-lieb-concavity-1f2paz5e2n.pdf

Relative Entropy and the Wigner-Yanase-Dyson-Lieb Concavity in an Interpolation Theory

http://www.physik.uni-leipzig.de/~uhlmann/PDF/Uh86a.pdf

Parallel transport and “quantum holonomy” along density operators

We prove some properties of fidelity (transition probability) and concurrence, the latter defined by a straightforward extension of Wootters' notation. Choose a conjugation and consider the dependence of fidelity or of concurrence on conjugated pairs of density operator. These functions turn out to be concave or convex roofs. Optimal decompositions are constructed. Some applications to two and tripartite systems illustrate the general theorems.

/pdf/fidelity-and-concurrence-of-conjugated-states-3sco7bh66i.pdf

Fidelity and Concurrence of conjugated states

We provide a complete analysis of mixed three-qubit states composed of a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state and a $W$ state orthogonal to the former. We present optimal decompositions and convex roofs for the three-tangle. Further, we provide an analytical method to decide whether or not an arbitrary rank-2 state of three qubits has vanishing three-tangle. These results highlight intriguing differences compared to the properties of two-qubit mixed states, and may serve as a quantitative reference for future studies of entanglement in multipartite mixed states. By studying the Coffman-Kundu-Wootters inequality we find that, while the amounts of inequivalent entanglement types strictly add up for pure states, this ``monogamy'' can be lifted for mixed states by virtue of vanishing tangle measures.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0606071.pdf

Armin Uhlmann

Papers

The “transition probability” in the state space of a ∗-algebra

Relative Entropy and the Wigner-Yanase-Dyson-Lieb Concavity in an Interpolation Theory

Parallel transport and “quantum holonomy” along density operators

Fidelity and Concurrence of conjugated states

Entangled three-qubit states without concurrence and three-tangle.