The thermal and physicochemical properties of protic ionic liquids (PILs) are reported. It is highly evident that there has been an extensive range of alkylammonium, imidazolium, and heterocyclic cations paired with many organic and inorganic anions that have been employed to prepare PILs. There has been strong interest in modifying the properties of PILs through the addition of water or other molecular solvents. For many applications, the presence of some water in the PILs is not detrimental, and instead leads to enhanced solvent properties such as lower viscosity, higher conductivities, and lower melting points. It remains an issue of definition though of how to refer to these resulting protic solutions. There is also an ongoing difficulty surrounding how to describe the proton activity in the PILs, analogous to pH in aqueous systems. For a broad range of applications, it has been reported that the acidity/basicity of the PIL or PIL-solvent system is crucial for their beneficial properties. It is expected that the fundamental properties of PILs will continue to be explored, along with continued interest in many existing and new applications, such as in electrochemistry, organic and inorganic synthesis, and biological applications. In particular, there has been a significant interest in a broad- range of PILs for use as electrolytes and incorporation in polymer electrolytes for fuel cells, and other energy storage devices.

Protic Ionic Liquids: Evolving Structure–Property Relationships and Expanding Applications

6.1. Oxadiazoles 4154 6.2. Diazaphospholes 4154 7. Six-Membered Heterocycles with One Heteroatom 4155 7.1. Pyridines 4155 7.2. Pyridinones 4155 7.3. Quinolines 4156 7.4. Quinolinones 4157 7.5. Isoquinolines 4157 7.6. Acridines 4158 7.7. Pyranones 4158 7.8. Flavones 4159 8. Six-Membered Heterocycles with Two Heteroatoms 4159 8.1. Pyridazinones 4159 8.2. Pyrimidines 4159 8.3. Pyrimidinones 4160 8.4. Quinazolines 4162 8.5. Quinazolinones 4162 8.6. Quinoxalines 4164 8.7. Quinoxalinediones 4165 8.8. Oxazines 4165 8.9. Oxazinones 4166 8.10. Thiazines 4166 9. Six-Membered Heterocycles with Three Heteroatoms 4166

Solvent-free heterocyclic synthesis.

Applied Catalysis A--General (特集 触媒研究と学術雑誌/情報)

http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/111769/4/postprint_GreenChem_2014_16_1007.pdf

Glycerol based solvents: synthesis, properties and applications

This review article summarizes the applications of bismuth(III) compounds in organic synthesis since 2002. Although there are an increasing number of reports on applications of bismuth(III) salts in polymerization reactions, and their importance is acknowledged, they are not included in this review. This review is largely organized by the reaction type although some reactions can clearly be placed in multiple sections. While every effort has been made to include all relevant reports in this field, any omission is inadvertent and we apologize in advance for the same (358 references).

/pdf/applications-of-bismuth-iii-compounds-in-organic-synthesis-3sjl0nqr63.pdf

Applications of bismuth(III) compounds in organic synthesis

Microwave-induced bismuth nitrate-catalyzed synthesis of dihydropyrimidones via Biginelli condensation under solventless conditions

Highly efficient one-pot, three-component Mannich reaction catalysed by boric acid and glycerol in water with major 'syn' diastereoselectivity

Blazing of fossil energy resources generally changes the global climate. Speeding up of global temperate nowadays is an important aspect. Emission of greenhouse gases mainly from blazing of fossil energy resources is one of the most important sources. So, to carry the significant energy and to reduce air pollution, biofuels might be a substitute energy sources. The unnecessary utilization of fossil energy resources or fuels results deficient in the storage in underground earth then people naturally have to depend on biofuels. Consequently increasing demand for the manufacture of biofuels will put a huge burden on agriculture and food prices. Biofuels generally attributed as liquid fuels which are made from the biomass. This consists of mostly wood, vegetable oils, forestry products, agricultural crops, agricultural residues or municipal garbage, residues of domestic animal wastes and aquatic plants. In this review, we summarized the different types of biofuels including biodiesel and their comparative study, production and uses from an ecological perspective.

/pdf/an-overview-on-biofuels-and-their-advantages-and-ygmnatx37h.pdf

An overview on biofuels and their advantages and disadvantages

Water-Promoted Dowex 50W Catalyzed Highly Efficient Green Protocol for 2-Arylbenzothiazole Formation

Aromatic aldehydes with both electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents were smoothly converted to the corresponding 2-arylbenzothiazoles by direct condensation of aromatic aldehydes with 2-aminothiophenol in one pot in a microoven under solvent-free conditions without any catalyst. The study revealed that the synthesis proceeded in three stages; first the formation of the aryl imine followed by its cyclisation to the benzothiazoline which in turn underwent oxidation and dehydration to the final product benzothiazole. Isolation of intermediates in all the stages confirmed the mechanism. This is therefore the first report of a "green" synthesis of the 2-arylbenzothiazoles under solvent-free conditions in the absence of any catalyst.

Arup Datta

Papers

Microwave-induced bismuth nitrate-catalyzed synthesis of dihydropyrimidones via Biginelli condensation under solventless conditions

Highly efficient one-pot, three-component Mannich reaction catalysed by boric acid and glycerol in water with major 'syn' diastereoselectivity

An overview on biofuels and their advantages and disadvantages

Water-Promoted Dowex 50W Catalyzed Highly Efficient Green Protocol for 2-Arylbenzothiazole Formation

A green method for the synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles