Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Despite decades of research, the functional neuroanatomy of speech processing has been difficult to characterize. A major impediment to progress may have been the failure to consider task effects when mapping speech-related processing systems. We outline a dual-stream model of speech processing that remedies this situation. In this model, a ventral stream processes speech signals for comprehension, and a dorsal stream maps acoustic speech signals to frontal lobe articulatory networks. The model assumes that the ventral stream is largely bilaterally organized--although there are important computational differences between the left- and right-hemisphere systems--and that the dorsal stream is strongly left-hemisphere dominant.

The cortical organization of speech processing

The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the Human Connectome Project.

Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model

http://mriquestions.com/uploads/3/4/5/7/34572113/language_review1-s2.0-s1053811912004703-main.pdf

A review and synthesis of the first 20 years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading

For more than a century, lesion–symptom mapping studies have yielded valuable insights into the relationships between brain and behavior, but newer imaging techniques have surpassed lesion analysis in examining functional networks. Here we used a new method—voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping (VLSM)—to analyze the relationship between tissue damage and behavior on a voxel-by-voxel basis, as in functional neuroimaging. We applied VLSM to measures of speech fluency and language comprehension in 101 left-hemisphere-damaged aphasic patients: the VLSM maps for these measures confirm the anticipated contrast between anterior and posterior areas, and they also indicate that interacting regions facilitate fluency and auditory comprehension, in agreement with findings from modern brain imaging.

Voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping

To examine the role of motor areas in speech perception, we carried out a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in which subjects listened passively to monosyllables and produced the same speech sounds. Listening to speech activated bilaterally a superior portion of ventral premotor cortex that largely overlapped a speech production motor area centered just posteriorly on the border of Brodmann areas 4a and 6, which we distinguished from a more ventral speech production area centered in area 4p. Our findings support the view that the motor system is recruited in mapping acoustic inputs to a phonetic code.

/pdf/listening-to-speech-activates-motor-areas-involved-in-speech-5g6rorl7w2.pdf

Listening to speech activates motor areas involved in speech production.

http://sayginlab.ucsd.edu/files/2013/01/HaglerSayginSereno_2006_Neuroimage.pdf

Smoothing and cluster thresholding for cortical surface-based group analysis of fMRI data.

Motion cues can be surprisingly powerful in defining objects and events. Specifically, a handful of point-lights attached to the joints of a human actor will evoke a vivid percept of action when the body is in motion. The perception of point-light biological motion activates posterior cortical areas of the brain. On the other hand, observation of others' actions is known to also evoke activity in motor and premotor areas in frontal cortex. In the present study, we investigated whether point-light biological motion animations would lead to activity in frontal cortex as well. We performed a human functional magnetic resonance imaging study on a high-field-strength magnet and used a number of methods to increase signal, as well as cortical surface-based analysis methods. Areas that responded selectively to point-light biological motion were found in lateral and inferior temporal cortex and in inferior frontal cortex. The robust responses we observed in frontal areas indicate that these stimuli can also recruit action observation networks, although they are very simplified and characterize actions by motion cues alone. The finding that even point-light animations evoke activity in frontal regions suggests that the motor system of the observer may be recruited to "fill in" these simplified displays.

/pdf/point-light-biological-motion-perception-activates-human-40rrqpj2lg.pdf

Point-Light Biological Motion Perception Activates Human Premotor Cortex

The Turing Test is one of the most disputed topics in artificial intelligence, philosophy of mind, and cognitive science This paper is a review of the past 50 years of the Turing Test Philosophical debates, practical developments and repercussions in related disciplines are all covered We discuss Turing's ideas in detail and present the important comments that have been made on them Within this context, behaviorism, consciousness, the `other minds' problem, and similar topics in philosophy of mind are discussed We also cover the sociological and psychological aspects of the Turing Test Finally, we look at the current situation and analyze programs that have been developed with the aim of passing the Turing Test We conclude that the Turing Test has been, and will continue to be, an influential and controversial topic

/pdf/turing-test-50-years-later-50nrmw14fl.pdf

Ayse Pinar Saygin

Papers

Voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping

Listening to speech activates motor areas involved in speech production.

Smoothing and cluster thresholding for cortical surface-based group analysis of fMRI data.

Point-Light Biological Motion Perception Activates Human Premotor Cortex

Turing Test: 50 Years Later