A role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders proposes that perceived incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles leads to 2 forms of prejudice: (a) perceiving women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership roles and (b) evaluating behavior that fulfills the prescriptions of a leader role less favorably when it is enacted by a woman. One consequence is that attitudes are less positive toward female than male leaders and potential leaders. Other consequences are that it is more difficult for women to become leaders and to achieve success in leadership roles. Evidence from varied research paradigms substantiates that these consequences occur, especially in situations that heighten perceptions of incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles.

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Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.

This paper considers how identity, a person's sense of self, affects economic outcomes. We incorporate the psychology and sociology of identity into an economic model of behavior. In the utility function we propose, identity is associated with different social categories and how people in these categories should behave. We then construct a simple game-theoretic model showing how identity can affect individual interactions. The paper adapts these models to gender discrimination in the workplace, the economics of poverty and social exclusion, and the household division of labor. In each case, the inclusion of identity substantively changes conclusions of previous economic analysis.

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Economics and Identity

Executive Overview The recent business trends of globalization and increasing ethnic and gender diversity are turning managers' attention to the management of cultural differences. The management literature has suggested that organizations should value diversity to enhance organizational effectiveness. However, the specific link between managing diversity and organizational competitiveness is rarely made explicit and no article has reviewed actual research data supporting such a link. This article reviews arguments and research data on how managing diversity can create a competitive advantage. We address cost, attraction of human resources, marketing success, creativity and innovation, problem-solving quality, and organizational flexibility as six dimensions of business performance directly impacted by the management of cultural diversity. We then offer suggestions for improving organizational capability to manage this diversity.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4165021.pdf

Managing cultural diversity: implications for organizational competitiveness

Sexual Behavior in the Human Male

Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of Gender Relations and Welfare States

tomary to analyze the occupational and wage aspects of discrimination as if they were logically separate and their effects additive.1 In this paper the two aspects are treated in a unified way, through the development of a model which marries the wage differential approach of Becker [1] to the approach emphasizing the "crowding" effects of occupational segregation originally noticed by Edgeworth[3] and developed by Bergmann [2]. The result allows a clearer view of the distri-

Occupational Segregation, Wages and Profits When Employers Discriminate by Race or Sex

The Break-up of the Sex Role Caste System Why Did Women Emerge? The Social Factors: Births, Schools, Divorces, Ideas 'Women's Place' in the Labour Market Occupational Segregation by Sex: The Root of Women's Disadvantage Setting the Pay for the Jobs Women Hold Government Action against Discrimination Affirmative Action and Pay Equity The Occupation of Housewife Lone Parents and their Poverty Keeping House: The Economics and Politics of Family Care 'Industrializing' Housework and Child Care A Policy Agenda for the Sex Role Revolution

The economic emergence of women

Economic theory as applied to the family should increase our understanding of the phenomena we are studying, and allow us to implement fruitful intervention in cases where we are not satisfied with what is occurring. Much if not all of the theory of the family fails to achieve these aims. Examples are given from the most recent edition of Gary Becker's Theory of the Family, where the analysis leads to conclusions that are, on their face, preposterous. This kind of theorizing leads, as does almost all neoclassical theory, to a conclusion that the institutions depicted are benign, and that government intervention would be useless at best and probably harmful. But it isn't necessarily so.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/40721661.pdf

Becker's theory of the family: Preposterous conclusions

The age of the male breadwinner and the female caregiver has passed, but gender inequality is as persistent as ever. This major new work intervenes in today's debates on domestic inequality, examining tensions between work and family life for women. "Gender Inequality" explores class disparity, who should care for infants, and fatherhood in a dual-earner family. Surveying the design of public institutions that could significantly mitigate these pressures, contributors including Nancy Folbre, Janet Gornick, and Marcia Meyers offer useful, thought-provoking prescriptions for real change.

Gender equality : transforming family divisions of labor

Abbreviations Used in the Book List of Tables The Problem: What's Wrong with Child Care in America? The Question: Is There a Shortage of Affordable Quality Care? The Design: What Should a New Child Care System Look Like? The Yardstick: What Child Care Deserves to be Called 'Good?' The Report Card: How Much of America's Child Care is Good? The Regulations: How Much Quality Control in Child Care? The Marketplace: What is Peculiar About the Child Care Industry? The Caregivers: Do Care Workers Get Enough Training and Pay? The Cost: Can We Afford Good Quality Care? Appendices: A: Policy Recommendations B: Evaluating the Quality of Care: A Checklist for Parents

Barbara R. Bergmann

Papers

Occupational Segregation, Wages and Profits When Employers Discriminate by Race or Sex

The economic emergence of women

Becker's theory of the family: Preposterous conclusions

Gender equality : transforming family divisions of labor

America's Child Care Problem: The Way Out