Rapid population growth increases the demand for freshwater. Membrane technology is playing a dynamic role in the production of clean water from seawater and wastewater. The desalination of seawater using forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging technology to produce freshwater, as it is energy efficient than the conventional processes. In recent days, a significant amount of work has been carried out to produce high-performance FO membrane for desalination. In this chapter, usage of different types of membranes for FO desalination application and their performances enhancement by suitable modification has been discussed.

A Review: Desalination by Forward Osmosis

The global population is increasing and because of this, the world may experience great fresh water scarcity. Our water resources are limited and, hence, water treatment and recycling methods are the only alternatives for getting fresh water in the coming decades. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of a suitable, inexpensive and rapid wastewater treatment techniques and reuse or conservation methods in the present century. The different types of water treatment and recycling techniques have been discussed in terms of their basic principles, applications, costs, maintenance and suitability. Additionally, a systematic approach to water treatment and recycling involving their understanding, evaluation and selection parameters has been presented. A brief guideline for the selection of the appropriate technologies for specific applications has been evaluated. This review adds to the global discussions on water scarcity solutions.

/pdf/chemical-treatment-technologies-for-waste-water-recycling-an-2c42z01700.pdf

Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water recycling—an overview

Application and modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes – A review

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging technology for the facile removal of charged ionic species from aqueous solutions, and is currently being widely explored for water desalination applications. The technology is based on ion electrosorption at the surface of a pair of electrically charged electrodes, commonly composed of highly porous carbon materials. The CDI community has grown exponentially over the past decade, driving tremendous advances via new cell architectures and system designs, the implementation of ion exchange membranes, and alternative concepts such as flowable carbon electrodes and hybrid systems employing a Faradaic (battery) electrode. Also, vast improvements have been made towards unraveling the complex processes inherent to interfacial electrochemistry, including the modelling of kinetic and equilibrium aspects of the desalination process. In our perspective, we critically review and evaluate the current state-of-the-art of CDI technology and provide definitions and performance metric nomenclature in an effort to unify the fast-growing CDI community. We also provide an outlook on the emerging trends in CDI and propose future research and development directions.

/pdf/water-desalination-via-capacitive-deionization-what-is-it-p45le9ivut.pdf

Water desalination via capacitive deionization : What is it and what can we expect from it?

https://repository.kaust.edu.sa/bitstream/10754/562573/1/Economics%20of%20water%20desalination%20paper%20Desalination.pdf

Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: Current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability

Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today's challenges

https://www.tpbin.com/Uploads/Subjects/4fc5c51d-e108-4df5-93dd-ef72b34a7745.pdf

Influence of sludge retention time at constant food to microorganisms ratio on membrane bioreactor performances under stable and unstable state conditions

Impact of synthetic or real urban wastewater on membrane bioreactor (MBR) performances and membrane fouling under stable conditions.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01050196/document

Determination of sorption properties of micropollutants: What is the most suitable activated sludge inhibition technique to preserve the biomass structure?

The current work aims to study the biomass behaviour in a continuous mode activated sludge system (ASS) treating olive mill wastewater (OMWW) through an increasing OMWW food to microorganism ration (F/M). To this end, the biomass growth, the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), microbial characterization, sludge volume index (SVI) as well as COD and phenolic compounds removal efficiencies were examined over time. Results showed a successful growth of the biomass that reached 6.79 gTSS l-1 and 5.42 gVSS l-1. Its viability, its adaptability, and its good physiological activity were confirmed by the obtained result of SOUR with an average of 9.95 mgO2 gVSS-1h-1, as well as aerobic microbial population characterization in terms of aerobic revivable bacteria at 22°C and 37°C, Pseudomonas sp., mould and yeast and total fungi. The concentration of these strains characterized by their ability to degrade effectively COD and phenolic compounds increased significantly (p < .05) over time. This demonstrated a great promptness in response to the increasing OMWW mass ratio. For all treatment steps, removal efficiencies were high and reached 95% of COD and 93% of phenolic compounds, also the flocs settleability shown by SVI measurement was optimal.

Benoit Marrot

Papers

Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today's challenges

Influence of sludge retention time at constant food to microorganisms ratio on membrane bioreactor performances under stable and unstable state conditions

Impact of synthetic or real urban wastewater on membrane bioreactor (MBR) performances and membrane fouling under stable conditions.

Determination of sorption properties of micropollutants: What is the most suitable activated sludge inhibition technique to preserve the biomass structure?

Biomass behaviour in a conventional activated sludge system treating olive mill wastewater.