Obesogenic environments are thought to underlie the increased obesity prevalence observed in youth during the past decades. Understanding the environmental factors that are associated with physical activity (PA) in youth is needed to better inform the development of effective intervention strategies attempting to halt the obesity epidemic. We conducted a systematic semi-quantitative review of 150 studies on environmental correlates of youth PA published in the past 25 years. The ANalysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO) framework was used to classify the environmental correlates studied. Most studies retrieved used cross-sectional designs and subjective measures of environmental factors and PA. Variables of the home and school environments were especially associated with children's PA. Most consistent positive correlates of PA were father's PA, time spent outdoors and school PA-related policies (in children), and support from significant others, mother's education level, family income, and non-vocational school attendance (in adolescents). Low crime incidence (in adolescents) was characteristic of the neighbourhood environment associated with higher PA. Convincing evidence of an important role for many other environmental factors was, however, not found. Further research should aim at longitudinal and intervention studies, and use more objective measures of PA and its potential (environmental) determinants.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00264.x

Environmental correlates of physical activity in youth - a review and update.

This study developed and tested a structural model in examining the effects of mainland Chinese visitors' travel motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on their intention of revisiting Hong Kong. Data were collected through telephone interviews (n = 501) in Beijing and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings indicate that one of travel motivation's underlying dimensions, shopping, positively affected Beijing tourists' revisit intention to Hong Kong; past experience, as measured by the number of prior visits and satisfaction, also positively influenced revisit intention. Disinterest was the only constraint factor significantly negating revisit intention. In addition, attitude was found to play a significant mediating role in the total effect of satisfaction on revisit intention. Results suggest that in addition to further strengthening Hong Kong's “shopping paradise” image, destination marketers and managers should promote more novel features of local attractions and ...

Effects of Travel Motivation, Past Experience, Perceived Constraint, and Attitude on Revisit Intention

Prior research has demonstrated a direct relationship between loyalty and reasons for liking a particular sport team. The current study replicates and extends this line of inquiry by examining the mediating role of attachment, a process by which an individual moves from merely liking a team (attraction) to becoming loyal to a team (allegiance). Data (Collegiate N = 194; Collegiate and Professional N = 402, Favorite Sport Team N = 808) were collected to examine 13 benefits and attributes associated with liking a sport team, 3 attitude formation properties, and allegiance. A three-stage test of mediation using MLR revealed that attachment mediated the relationship between allegiance and Vicarious Achievement, Nostalgia, Star Player, Escape, Success, and Peer Group Acceptance. Results demonstrate that allegiance is the outcome of a process by which individuals develop stronger emotional reactions to, more functional knowledge about, and greater symbolic value for benefits and attributes associated with a spo...

Consumer loyalty: the meaning of attachment in the development of sport team allegiance.

Four models of leisure constraint negotiation (independence, buffer, mitigation, reduction) based on competing views of how constraint, negotiation, and motivation are interconnected and influence participation were tested using regression and structural equation modeling procedures Full-time employees ( N = 186, X age = 367 years, 645 percent females) of four companies with similar work site recreation services completed a survey measuring participation in work site physical recreation activities, constraint on participation, negotiation resources, and motivation to participate Strong support was found for the constraint - effects - mitigation model Though constraints decreased the level of participation, they also triggered greater use of negotiation resources, which counteracted their negative effects Stronger health and enjoyment motives also resulted in employees increasing negotiation efforts The results support several of the constraint negotiation propositions developed by Jackson, Crawford

Testing Competing Models of the Leisure Constraint Negotiation Process in a Corporate Employee Recreation Setting

Parental influences on different types and intensities of physical activity in youth: A systematic review

This study aimed to examine the relationship of children’s perceived competence in physical education to their enjoyment in the subject, and how boys and girls scoring high and low in enjoyment and...

Childrenís Perceived Competence and Enjoyment in Physical Education and Physical Activity Outside School

Are any sub-groups of the Greek population particularly influenced by the experience of leisure constraints? The present study aimed to investigate demographic differences (age, gender, education and marital status) in the perception of constraints on recreational sport participation, in relation to demographic differences in annual sport-participation rates. The data were collected by means of a self-administered household questionnaire survey conducted in an urban area in Greece. The results indicated that: (a) females were significantly more constrained than males, especially by intrapersonal constraints; (b) the perception of constraints significantly increased among less-educated individuals; (c) there was an inverted U-relationship between perception of constraints and age; (d) married individuals were significantly more constrained than single persons on time-related constraints. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the ‘negotiation’ and ‘balance’ propositions. The study prov...

Demographic differences in the perception of constraints on recreational sport participation: results from a study in Greece

This study, based on Crawford, Jackson and Godbey's (1991) hierarchial model of leisure constraints, aimed to: (a) investigate the influence of constraints dimensions on recreational sport particip...

Perception of Constraints and Strength of Motivation: Their Relationship to Recreational Sport Participation in Greece

What constraints are experienced by a sample of the Greek population when participating in recreational sport activities? An attempt was made to answer this question by using data collected by a household survey conducted in an urban area in Greece. The study aimed specifically to investigate (a) constraints on recreational sport participation, as experienced by a sample of the Greek population; (b) the relationship between constraint dimensions (derived by a principal component analysis) and sport participation or nonparticipation; and (c) the relationship between constraint dimensions and frequency of sport participation. The results indicated that (a) the most important perceived constraints were time and facilities‐ or services‐related problems; (b) nonparticipants were significantly more constrained than participants, particularly in the intrapersonal dimension; and (c) perception of constraints decreased with the level of participation. The study provides support of the hierarchical model of leisure...

An analysis of leisure constraints based on different recreational sport participation levels: Results from a study in Greece

There has been little research dealing with the issues of teaching ethnic minority groups in physical education (PE), in particular that which takes the percep- tions of teachers and their pupils as the focal point to examine the issues and conflicts. This research takes a social action perspective by studying Muslim children in a northern comprehensive school. The areas of conflict are highlighted, such as PE kit, showers, Ramadan and extra-curricular activities, through the pupils' perceptions. This leads to a discussion on the clash of values between the PE teachers with their traditional values of PE and the Muslim cultural values. In particular it points out the dilemma offollowing policies of equality of opportunity at the same time as multicultural and anti-racist ones in PE, the lack of awareness of Muslim values and feelings on behalf of the PE teachers; and the way the child is caught between the two cultures and values. The research points to the need for better preparation of teachers, in-service education and training, anti-racist policies and links with the community at the educationist's level, and the dilemma posed by empowerment at the political level. The discussion locates the issues in PE in the wider education and societal debate of different cultures.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1500511.pdf

Bob Carroll

Papers

Childrenís Perceived Competence and Enjoyment in Physical Education and Physical Activity Outside School

Demographic differences in the perception of constraints on recreational sport participation: results from a study in Greece

Perception of Constraints and Strength of Motivation: Their Relationship to Recreational Sport Participation in Greece

An analysis of leisure constraints based on different recreational sport participation levels: Results from a study in Greece

Ethnicity and Conflict in Physical Education