Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

http://www.cnbc.pt/jpmatos/29.%20Bradley.pdf?origin=publicationDetail

Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential

Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder. Genetic risk is conferred by a large number of alleles, including common alleles of small effect that might be detected by genome-wide association studies. Here we report a multi-stage schizophrenia genome-wide association study of up to 36,989 cases and 113,075 controls. We identify 128 independent associations spanning 108 conservatively defined loci that meet genome-wide significance, 83 of which have not been previously reported. Associations were enriched among genes expressed in brain, providing biological plausibility for the findings. Many findings have the potential to provide entirely new insights into aetiology, but associations at DRD2 and several genes involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission highlight molecules of known and potential therapeutic relevance to schizophrenia, and are consistent with leading pathophysiological hypotheses. Independent of genes expressed in brain, associations were enriched among genes expressed in tissues that have important roles in immunity, providing support for the speculated link between the immune system and schizophrenia.

/pdf/biological-insights-from-108-schizophrenia-associated-3rfvth8dm9.pdf

Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci

At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged event are states experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervated. These states--called core affect--influence reflexes, perception, cognition, and behavior and are influenced by many causes internal and external, but people have no direct access to these causal connections. Core affect can therefore be experienced as free-floating (mood) or can be attributed to some cause (and thereby begin an emotional episode). These basic processes spawn a broad framework that includes perception of the core-affect-altering properties of stimuli, motives, empathy, emotional meta-experience, and affect versus emotion regulation; it accounts for prototypical emotional episodes, such as fear and anger, as core affect attributed to something plus various nonemotional processes.

/pdf/core-affect-and-the-psychological-construction-of-emotion-4bds0c0fm7.pdf

Core Affect and the Psychological Construction of Emotion

/pdf/research-domain-criteria-rdoc-toward-a-new-classification-59j2rllxst.pdf

Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders

Current diagnostic systems for mental disorders rely upon presenting signs and symptoms, with the result that current definitions do not adequately reflect relevant neurobiological and behavioral systems - impeding not only research on etiology and pathophysiology but also the development of new treatments. The National Institute of Mental Health began the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project in 2009 to develop a research classification system for mental disorders based upon dimensions of neurobiology and observable behavior. RDoC supports research to explicate fundamental biobehavioral dimensions that cut across current heterogeneous disorder categories. We summarize the rationale, status and long-term goals of RDoC, outline challenges in developing a research classification system (such as construct validity and a suitable process for updating the framework) and discuss seven distinct differences in conception and emphasis from current psychiatric nosologies. Future diagnostic systems cannot reflect ongoing advances in genetics, neuroscience and cognitive science until a literature organized around these disciplines is available to inform the revision efforts. The goal of the RDoC project is to provide a framework for research to transform the approach to the nosology of mental disorders.

/pdf/toward-the-future-of-psychiatric-diagnosis-the-seven-pillars-30e28e7cj4.pdf

Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC

This theoretical model of emotion is based on research using the startle-probe methodology. It explains inconsistencies in probe studies of attention and fear conditioning and provides a new approach to emotional perception, imagery, and memory. Emotions are organized biphasically, as appetitive or aversive (defensive). Reflexes with the same valence as an ongoing emotional state are augmented; mismatched reflexes are inhibited. Thus, the startle response (an aversive reflex) is enhanced during a fear state and is diminished in a pleasant emotional context. This affect-startle effect is not determined by general arousal, simple attention, or probe modality. The effect is found when affects are prompted by pictures or memory images, changes appropriately with aversive conditioning, and may be dependent on right-hemisphere processing. Implications for clinical, neurophysiological, and basic research in emotion are outlined.

Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex.

Emotional reactions are organized by underlying motivational states—defensive and appetitive—that have evolved to promote the survival of individuals and species. Affective responses were measured while participants viewed pictures with varied emotional and neutral content. Consistent with the motivational hypothesis, reports of the strongest emotional arousal, largest skin conductance responses, most pronounced cardiac deceleration, and greatest modulation of the startle reflex occurred when participants viewed pictures depicting threat, violent death, and erotica. Moreover, reflex modulation and conductance change varied with arousal, whereas facial patterns were content specific. The findings suggest that affective responses serve different functions—mobilization for action, attention, and social communication—and reflect the motivational system that is engaged, its intensity of activation, and the specific emotional context. Emotion is considered here to be fundamentally organized around two motivational systems, one appetitive and one defensive, that have evolved to mediate transactions in the environment that either promote or threaten physical survival (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997). The defense system is primarily activated in contexts involving threat, with a basic behavioral repertoire built on withdrawal, escape, and attack. Conversely, the appetitive system is activated in contexts that promote survival, including sustenance, procreation, and nurturance, with a basic behavioral repertoire of ingestion, copulation, and caregiving. These systems are implemented by neural circuits in the brain, presumably with common outputs to structures mediating the somatic and autonomic physiological systems involved in attention and action (see Davis, 2000; Davis & Lang, 2001;

https://csea.phhp.ufl.edu/Publications/Old/Brad2001EmotionI.pdf

Emotion and motivation I: defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.

https://csea.phhp.ufl.edu/Publications/Old/Cuthbert2000.pdf

Bruce N. Cuthbert

Papers

Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders

Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC

Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex.

Emotion and motivation I: defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.

Brain potentials in affective picture processing: Covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report