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Modern Applied Statistics With S

心臓病診療プラクティス 16. 心不全を癒す

THE author of this book ranks as the foremost American worker on insect morphology. His contributions on the subject are notable for their clarity and originality of thought, and the appearance of a volume, embodying his ideas in comprehensive form, is sure of a hearty welcome. In its preparation, Mr. Snodgrass has incorporated the results of much first-hand study with those of many recent investigators in the same field. He has produced an outstanding book wherein knowledge of facts is combined with that of function and, at the same time, theoretical conceptions of the origins and relationships of organs and parts are not overlooked. Principles of Insect Morphology
 By R. E. Snodgrass. (McGraw-Hill Publications in the Zoological Sciences.) Pp. ix + 667. (New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1935.) 36s. net.

Principles of Insect Morphology

Edition accompagnee de planches gravees, representant les types de tous les genres, les caracteres distinctifs des divers groupes et les modifications de structure sur lesquelles repose cette classification

Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Les arachnides. Atlas

The order Coleoptera (beetles) is arguably the most speciose group of animals, but the evolutionary history of beetles, including the impacts of plant feeding (herbivory) on beetle diversification, remain poorly understood. We inferred the phylogeny of beetles using 4,818 genes for 146 species, estimated timing and rates of beetle diversification using 89 genes for 521 species representing all major lineages and traced the evolution of beetle genes enabling symbiont-independent digestion of lignocellulose using 154 genomes or transcriptomes. Phylogenomic analyses of these uniquely comprehensive datasets resolved previously controversial beetle relationships, dated the origin of Coleoptera to the Carboniferous, and supported the codiversification of beetles and angiosperms. Moreover, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) obtained from bacteria and fungi via horizontal gene transfers may have been key to the Mesozoic diversification of herbivorous beetles—remarkably, both major independent origins of specialized herbivory in beetles coincide with the first appearances of an arsenal of PCWDEs encoded in their genomes. Furthermore, corresponding (Jurassic) diversification rate increases suggest that these novel genes triggered adaptive radiations that resulted in nearly half of all living beetle species. We propose that PCWDEs enabled efficient digestion of plant tissues, including lignocellulose in cell walls, facilitating the evolution of uniquely specialized plant-feeding habits, such as leaf mining and stem and wood boring. Beetle diversity thus appears to have resulted from multiple factors, including low extinction rates over a long evolutionary history, codiversification with angiosperms, and adaptive radiations of specialized herbivorous beetles following convergent horizontal transfers of microbial genes encoding PCWDEs.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/116/49/24729.full.pdf

The evolution and genomic basis of beetle diversity.

We redescribe the morphology of Yohoia tenuis (Chelicerata sensu lato) from the Cambrian Burgess Shale Lagerstatte. The morphology of the most anterior, promi- nent, so-called great appendage changes throughout ontog- eny. While its principal morphology remains unaltered, the length ratios of certain parts of the great appendage change significantly. Furthermore, it possesses a special jack-knifing mechanism, i.e. an elbow joint: the articulation between the distal one of the two peduncle elements and the most proxi- mal of the four spine-bearing claw elements. This morphol- ogy might have enabled the animal to hunt like a modern spearer-type mantis shrimp, an analogy enhanced by the sim- ilarly large and protruding eyes. For comparison, details of specimens of selected other great-appendage arthropods from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstatte have been inves- tigated using fluorescence microscopy. This revealed that the morphology of the great appendage of Y. tenuis is much like that of the Chengjiang species Fortiforceps foliosa and Jianfen- gia multisegmentalis. The morphology of the great appendage of the latter is even more similar to the morphology devel- oped in early developmental stages of Y. tenuis, while the morphology of the great appendage of F. foliosa is more sim- ilar to that of later developmental stages of Y. tenuis. The arrangement of the elbow joint supports the view that the great appendage evolved into the chelicera of Chelicerata sensu stricto, as similar joints are found in various ingroup taxa such as Xiphosura, Opiliones or Palpigradi. With this, it also supports the interpretation of the great appendage to be homologous with the first appendage of other arthropods.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01124.x

Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp‐like predators in the Cambrian

Here we present a set of methods for documenting (exo-)morphology by applying autofluorescence imaging. For arthropods, but also for other taxa, autofluorescence imaging combined with composite imaging is a fast documentation method with high-resolution capacities. Compared to conventional micro- and macrophotography, the illumination is much more homogenous, and structures are often better contrasted. Applying different wavelengths to the same object can additionally be used to enhance distinct structures. Autofluorescence imaging can be applied to dried and embedded specimens, but also directly on specimens within their storage liquid. This has an enormous potential for the documentation of rare specimens and especially type specimens without the need of preparation. Also for various fossils, autofluorescence can be used to enhance the contrast between the fossil and the matrix significantly, making even smallest details visible. 'Life-colour' fluorescence especially is identified as a technique with great potential. It provides additional information for which otherwise more complex methods would have to be applied. The complete range of differences and variations between fluorescence macrophotography and different types of fluorescence microscopy techniques are here explored and evaluated in detail. Also future improvements are suggested. In summary, autofluorescence imaging is a powerful, easy and fast-to-apply tool for morphological studies.

Autofluorescence imaging, an excellent tool for comparative morphology.

Leanchoilia superlata is one of the best known arthropods from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia Here we re-describe the morphology of L superlata and discuss its possible autecology The re-description follows a standardized scheme, the descriptive matrix approach, designed to provide a template for descriptions of other megacheiran species Our findings differ in several respects from previous interpretations Examples include a more slender body; a possible hypostome; a small specialised second appendage, bringing the number of pairs of head appendages to four; a further sub-division of the great appendage, making it more similar to that of other megacheirans; and a complex joint of the exopod reflecting the arthropod’s swimming capabilities Different aspects of the morphology, for example, the morphology of the great appendage and the presence of a basipod with strong median armature on the biramous appendages indicate that L superlata was an active and agile necto-benthic predator (not a scavenger or deposit feeder as previously interpreted)

/pdf/morphology-and-function-in-the-cambrian-burgess-shale-4bu2ohnh3l.pdf

Morphology and function in the Cambrian Burgess Shale megacheiran arthropod Leanchoilia superlata and the application of a descriptive matrix

We give an overview of available techniques for imaging and documenting applied to gammarideans and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Although recent techniques, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM), focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB SEM), or computed microtomography (μCT), provide new possibilities to detect and document structures, these high-tech devices are expensive, and access to them is often limited. Alternatively, there are many possibilities to enhance the capabilities of established techniques such as macrophotography and light microscopy. We discuss improvements of the illumination with polarized light and the possibilities of utilizing the autofluorescence of animals such as the gammarideans. In addition, we present software-based enhancing tools such as image fusion and image stitching.

/pdf/imaging-and-documenting-gammarideans-3gblf2c2id.pdf

Imaging and Documenting Gammarideans

We present different documentation methods tested on fossil specimens from Solnhofen-type lithographic limestones (Upper Jurassic, southern Germany) and from the related deposits from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. One of the principles is composite imaging. This combines image fusion, i.e., coalescing several images of the same area but at different focal planes, resulting in a single image of high depth of field, and image stitching, i.e., combining fused images of several areas to a high resolution image of the complete specimen. The basis for the composite images can be normal light images, but most fossils from Solnhofen-type lithographic limestones are autofluorescent under UV light such that UV-fluorescence images can be equally well applied. In this context, we report a new fluorescence type for specimens not showing good UV fluorescence, i.e., those from the Zandt lagerstatte or some from Lebanon. These specimens fluoresce orange when exposed to green light. Specimens from Lebanon exhibiting green-orange fluorescence have been documented under a confocal laser scanning microscope (cLSM). Fossils showing a relatively high relief can be documented with stereo images; based on these surfaces, 3D models can be produced. A large specimen preserved uncompressed has been documented using a medical X-ray computer tomography scanner. All these methods facilitate the high-resolution documentation of complete specimens (= “virtual specimens”). Specimens from both Solnhofen-type lithographic limestones and Lebanon have further been examined for their elemental composition using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The fossils differ significantly from the surrounding matrix by containing 6–14% phosphorus.

Carolin Haug

Papers

Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp‐like predators in the Cambrian

Autofluorescence imaging, an excellent tool for comparative morphology.

Morphology and function in the Cambrian Burgess Shale megacheiran arthropod Leanchoilia superlata and the application of a descriptive matrix

Imaging and Documenting Gammarideans

New methods to document fossils from lithographic limestones of southern germany and lebanon