Ecological extinction caused by overfishing precedes all other pervasive human disturbance to coastal ecosystems, including pollution, degradation of water quality, and anthropogenic climate change. Historical abundances of large consumer species were fantastically large in comparison with recent observations. Paleoecological, archaeological, and historical data show that time lags of decades to centuries occurred between the onset of overfishing and consequent changes in ecological communities, because unfished species of similar trophic level assumed the ecological roles of overfished species until they too were overfished or died of epidemic diseases related to overcrowding. Retrospective data not only help to clarify underlying causes and rates of ecological change, but they also demonstrate achievable goals for restoration and management of coastal ecosystems that could not even be contemplated based on the limited perspective of recent observations alone.

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Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems.

Radiocarbon (14C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric 14C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international 14C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evaluation of the timescales and location variable 14C offsets from the atmosphere (reservoir age, dead carbon fraction) for each dataset. New statistical methods have refined the structure of the calibration curves while maintaining a robust treatment of uncertainties in the 14C ages, the calendar ages and other corrections. The inclusion of modeled marine reservoir ages derived from a three-dimensional ocean circulation model has allowed us to apply more appropriate reservoir corrections to the marine 14C data rather than the previous use of constant regional offsets from the atmosphere. Here we provide an overview of the new and revised datasets and the associated methods used for the construction of the IntCal20 curve and explore potential regional offsets for tree-ring data. We discuss the main differences with respect to the previous calibration curve, IntCal13, and some of the implications for archaeology and geosciences ranging from the recent past to the time of the extinction of the Neanderthals.

https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/30981/1/intcal20_northern_hemisphere_radiocarbon_age_calibration_curve_055_cal_kbp.pdf

The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0-55 cal kBP)

In the first two volumes of this work, Paul Ricoeur examined the relations between time and narrative in historical writing, fiction, and theories of literature. This final volume, a comprehensive reexamination and synthesis of the ideas developed in volumes 1 and 2, stands as Ricoeur's most complete and satisfying presentation of his own philosophy.

Time and Narrative

ion, Metaphor and Mimesis Southwest is very conscious of its own corporate ‘way of life’. A list is given on its website under the heading ‘culture’ of the desired characteristics of a Southwest person (perseverant, egalitarian, passionate), and these qualities are abstracted into the more general injunctions to be low cost and have high customer service delivery, and the mission statement talks of warmth, friendliness, individual pride and company spirit. So there are clear abstractions here that create a unity and coherence to activities across domains. Throughout this book I have shown how entanglements involve material and conceptual components. In Chapter 2 I described a pebble on a beach that was brought into different assemblies with other things depending on how it was recognized, remembered and owned. In that chapter too I described how the equipmental totality of a thing depended on the different theories about and perspectives towards it. In Chapter 3 I used the quote from Gibson that ‘an affordance points both ways, to the environment and to the observer’ (1986: 129). In Chapter 4 I noted that the maintenance of walls in the Yorkshire Dales depended on expert ideas about organic foods and recent collective nostalgia for a rural way of life. In Chapter 5 I showed how a sail boat had different entanglements, and different affordances depending on the perspectives of sailing, entertaining and protecting the ecosystem of the bay. These ideas about the boat are themselves tied to wider ideas about what is leisure and how the environment should be protected. So entanglements and affordances and functions are always tied to abstractions (ideas, thoughts, words, feelings and senses). These abstractions are hierarchical and nested as noted above, and they often cross domains so that humans seek unities, coherence, metaphor within different realms of experience. Abstractions are general and can often be applied to more than one domain of activity. Their transferability Hodder_c06.indd 120 2/3/2012 12:14:59 PM

Entangled: An Archaeology of the Relationships between Humans and Things

Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition 1. The problem 2. The systems approach 3. Structuralist archaeology 4. Marxist archaeology, ideology and practice 5. Archaeology and history 6. An ethnohistoric example: reconsideration of ethnoarchaeology and middle range theory 7. Contextual archaeology 8. Post-processual archaeology 9. Conclusion: archaeology as archaeology Bibliography Index.

Reading the past : current approaches to interpretation in archaeology

(1999). The cultural biography of objects. World Archaeology: Vol. 31, The Cultural Biography of Objects, pp. 169-178.

The cultural biography of objects

This paper develops an argument for the agency of objects, looking at the effects objects have on people. Groups of related objects, such as pots or metal ornaments, create stylistic universes which affect producers and users of new objects, bound by the canons of style. For an object to be socially powerful in a recognized manner, the form of the object lays down certain rules of use which influence the sensory and emotional impacts of the object. Formal properties of artifacts are influenced by the genealogy of the object class, including historical continuities and changes, and also its perceived source. The forms of objects, the historical trajectories of the class of objects and their perceived sources combine to have social effects on people, shaping people as socially effective entities. Britain’s incorporation into the Roman Empire between 150 BC and AD 200 provides an excellent case study through which to look at the changing corpora of objects, which had continuities and changes in form, a set of subtle attributions of sources and a complex range of social effects.

What Do Objects Want

1. About Time. 2. Understanding Long-Term Social Change. 3. Meaning, Mind and Matter. 4. Towards a Social Ontology. 5. Concepts of Being. 6. Problems of History and Meaning. 7. Species Being: The Very Long Term. 8. Final Thoughts. Further Reading. Bibliography. Index.

Social being and time

Introduction (Elizabeth DeMarrais) Part I: Rethinking Materiality The Materialization of Culture (Elizabeth DeMarrais) Towards a Theory of Material Engagement (Colin Renfrew) Aesthetics, Intelligence and Emotions: Implications for Archaeology (Chris Gosden) Part II Materiality, Mind and History The Affordances of Things: a Post-Gibsonian Perspective on the Relationality of Mind and Matter (Carl Knappett) The Cognitive Basis of Material Engagement: Where Brain, Body and Culture Conflate (Lambros Malafouris) Mind over Matter? Collapsing the Mind-Matter Dichotomy in Material Culture Studies (Nicole Boivin) An Ongoing Outcome, a Surrounding World: Materiality, Agency and History (Manuel A. Arroyo-Kalin) Part III Transition: Materiality of Sedentism and Domestication Materiliaty and Symbolic Force: a Palaeolithic View of Sedentism ( Clive Gamble) Architecture and 'Theatres of Memory' in the Neolithic of Southwest Asia (Trevor Watkins) Domestication, Sedentism, Property and Time: Materiality and the Beginnings of Agriculture in Northern Europe (Richard Bradley) Tangible Materiality and Cosmological Others in the Development of Sedentism (Mary W Helms) Part IV Materiality and Culture: Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe The Extended Artefact and the Monumental Economy: a Methodology for Material Agency (John Robb) Displaying the Stones: the Materiality of 'Megalithic' Monuments (Chris Scarre) Culture Matters: Why Symbolic Objects Change (Timothy Earle) Matter and Memory: Colour, Remembrance and the Neolithic/Bronze Age Transition (Andy Jones) Institutions and Material Culture in Bronze Age Europe: Towards an Intercontextual Archaeology (Kristian Kristiansen) Part V Materiality, Power and the Sacred The Materiality of Sacred Power (Michael Rowlands) The Birth of Mesoamerican Metaphysics: Sedentism, Engagement, and Moral Superiority (John E Clark) Materiality, Feasts, and Figured Worlds in Aztec Mexico (Elizabeth M Brumfiel) Materials and Metaphors of Sovereignty in Central Madagascar (Susan Kus & Victor Raharijaona) Divine Things (Lynn Meskell) Violence into Order: Materiality and Sacred Power in Ancient Iraq (David Wengrow) Part VI Conclusion Thoughts about Rethinking Materiality (George L Cowgill).

Rethinking materiality : the engagement of mind with the material world

Anthropolgy and Archaeology provides a valuable and much-needed introduction to the theories and methods of these two inter-related subjects. This volume covers the historical relationship and contemporary interests of archaeology and anthropology. It takes a broad historical approach, setting the early history of the disciplines with the colonial period during which the Europeans encountered and attempted to make sense of many other peoples. It shows how the subjects are linked through their interest in kinship, economics and symbolism, and discusses what each contribute to debates about gender, material culture and globalism in the post-colonial world.

Chris Gosden

Papers

The cultural biography of objects

What Do Objects Want

Social being and time

Rethinking materiality : the engagement of mind with the material world

Anthropology and Archaeology : A Changing Relationship