Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

This review categorizes the diversity of life-styles in the Phytoseiidae, based primarily on food habits and related biological and morphological traits. The life-styles proposed are as follows: Type I, specialized predators of Tetranychus species represented by the Phytoseiulus species; Type II, selective predators of tetranychid mites (most frequently associated with species that produce dense webbing) represented by Galendromus, some Neoseiulus, and a few Typhlodromus species; Type III, generalist predators represented by some Neoseiulus species and most Typhlodromus and Amblyseius species, as well as species in all other genera about which information is available; Type IV, specialized pollen feeders/generalist predators represented by Euseius species. Consideration is given to the relative importance of each of these types in biological control and pest management programs.

Life-styles of phytoseiid mites and their roles in biological control

A new classification of lifestyles of phytoseiid mites is proposed based on the findings and suggestions from many studies conducted in the fifteen years since the publication of the lifestyle system by McMurtry & Croft (1997). In this newly proposed classification, Type I (Specialized mite predators) is divided into three subtypes to highlight mite prey specificity: subtype I-a—Specialized predators of Tetranychus species (Tetranychidae); subtype I-b—Specialized predators of web-nest producing mites (Tetranychidae); subtype I-c—Specialized predators of tydeoids (Tydeoidea). Type II (Selective predators of tetranychid mites) remains essentially the same. Type III (Generalist predators) is a huge and diverse group of general feeders; predators in this category are now grouped into five subtypes based on the microhabitat occupied and morphology: subtype III-a— Generalist predators living on pubescent leaves; subtype III-b—Generalist predators living on glabrous leaves; III-c—Generalist predators living in confined spaces on dicotyledonous plants; III-d—Generalist predators living in confined spaces on monocotyledonous plants; III-e—Generalist predators from soil/litter habitats. Type IV (Pollen feeding generalist predators) also remains essentially the same. Two possible additional lifestyles include phytoseiids living on aquatic plants and phytoseiids able to pierce leaf cells. Behavioral and biological information is updated and implications for biological control strategies are discussed.

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Revision of the lifestyles of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and implications for biological control strategies

A volatile kairomone emitted from lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus) infested with the spider miteTetranychus urticae, was collected on Tenax-TA and analyzed with GC-MS. Two components were identified as the methylene monoterpene (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene and the methylene sesquiterpene (3E,7E)-4,8,12-dimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene, respectively, after purification by preparative GC on a megabore column and recording of UV, IR, and [1H]NMR spectra. The response of two species of predatory mites towards the identified chemicals was tested in a Y-tube olfactometer. Four of the compounds tested, linalool (3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol), (E)-β-ocimene [(3E)-3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene], (3E)-4,8-dimethyI-1,3,7-nonatriene, and methyl salicylate attracted females ofPhytoseiulus persimilis. Linalool and methyl salicylate attracted females ofAmblyseius potentillae. The response ofA. potentillae to these two kairomone components was affected by the rearing diet of the predators in the same way as was reported for the response to the natural kairomone blend: when reared on a carotenoid-deficient diet, the predators responded to the volatile kairomone ofT. urticae, but when reared on a carotenoid-containing diet they did not. The identified kairomone components are all known from the plant kingdom. They are not known to be produced by animals de novo. In addition to biological evidence, this chemical evidence suggests that the plant is involved in production of the kairomone. Based on the present study and literature data on the response ofT. urticae to infochemicals, it is concluded that the kairomone component linalool is also a component of a volatile spider-mite dispersing pheromone.

Isolation and identification of volatile kairomone that affects acarine predator-prey interactions: involvement of host plant in its production.

Greenhouses, plants and mites introduction to acari methods and techniques spider mites false spider mites tarsonemid mites eriophyoid mites acarid mites.

Mites of Greenhouses: Identification, Biology and Control

Forty-one pairs of setae and a single post-anal seta are known to occur on the idiosoma of adult Phytoseiidae. Twenty-one pairs and the post-anal seta are present on all known species in the family. Variations in the occurrence of the remaining 20 pairs produce different idiosomal setal patterns: 85 patterns for the adult females and 71 for the adult males. Comparisons of the setal patterns between different body areas show that there has been extensive homoplasy in the evolution of idiosomal setal patterns. Idiosomal chaetotaxy of the Phytoseiidae is compared to that of the Ascinae and the Otopheidomenidae.

Adult idiosomal setal patterns in the family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Gamasina)

The family Phytoseiidae Berlese is considered to be comprised of 3 subfamilies: Amblyseiinae Muma, Phytoseiinae Berlese and Typhlodrominae New status. The taxa comprising the subfamilies Phytoseiinae, with 142 known species, and Typhlodrominae, with 452 known species, are reviewed to the level of species groups. There are 3 genera and 5 species groups in the Phytoseiinae and 6 tribes, 20 genera, 8 subgenera and 28 species groups in the Typhlodrominae. Four new tribes, 5 new genera, one new subgenus and 13 new species groups are proposed. The exemplar species of each of the taxa are illustrated.

A review of the subfamilies Phytoseiinae and Typhlodrominae (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Predacious mites of the family Phytoseiidae form a diverse group that occurs throughout the world. They have been recognized as one of the most valuable groups of predators of tetranychid mites since the beginning of this century (CHANT, 1959). Since the late 1950's, many experimental studies in which phytoseiid mites were artificially introduced have been conducted, both in controlled environments, such as glasshouses, and in the field. More precise studies on the interactions between natural populations of phytoseiids and their prey mites also have been conducted (see reviews by HUFFAKER et al., 1969, HUFFAKER et al., 1970, and McMURTRY et al., 1970). In some of these studies (e. g. HUFFAKER and KENNETT, 1953, 1956; COLLYER, 1958, 1964; CHANT, 1961a; BRAVENBOER and DOSSE, 1962; LAING and HUFFAKER, 1969; FLAHERTY and HoY, 1971) the effects of the predators on their prey populations were profound, but in others (e.g. ANDERSON and MORGAN, 1958; CHANT, 1959) certain species of phytoseiids were of little value in the control of tetranychid mites. In addition, the effectiveness of a certain species of phytoseiid was shown to vary depending on a number of environmental factors (CHANT and FL~SCHNER, 1960). Nevertheless, most of these studies demonstrated only the overall impact of the predators on their prey populations, and they did not reveal the actual mechanisms of the controlling processes. There are several difficulties involved in studies of the interactions between phytoseiid mites and their prey. Firstly, because of the small sizes of the animals (only 300 to 600/~, and 400 to 900/~ in body length of the adult females of phytoseiid and tetranychid mites, respectively), accurate population censuses are often difficult. Secondly, because their generations overlap and mortality in the prey populations, including mortality caused by predation, cannot be assessed practically, approaches such as life table analyses or key factor analyses are not feasible. Thus, simple population studies of these mites alone Obviously have limited value for determining

Comparative studies of two species of predacious phytoseiid mites (Acarina : Phytoseiidae), with special reference to their responses to the density of their prey

Neoseiulini new tribe is considered to be comprised of eight genera, one of which is new, with a total of 321 nominal species. These genera are reviewed to the level of species groups and subgroups. Exemplars for each taxon are illustrated.

A review of the subfamily Amblyseiinae Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae): Part I. Neoseiulini new tribe

The tribe Amblyseiini Wainstein is diagnosed and 3 new subtribes are proposed: Amblyseiina n. subtribe, Proprioseiopsina n. subtribe, and Arrenoseiina n. subtribe. The subtribe Amblyseiina is reviewed in detail. Three new genera are proposed: Transeius n. gen., Maunaseius n. gen., and Graminaseius n. gen. The established genera are: Amblyseiella Muma, Amblyseius Berlese, Chelaseius Muma and Denmark, and Honduriella Denmark and Evans. Keys to the genera in the subtribe Amblyseiina are provided and exemplar species are figured. We propose a cladogram suggesting the relationships between the 3 subtribes in the Amblyseiini and between the constituent genera in the Amblyseiina.

D. A. Chant

Papers

Adult idiosomal setal patterns in the family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Gamasina)

A review of the subfamilies Phytoseiinae and Typhlodrominae (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Comparative studies of two species of predacious phytoseiid mites (Acarina : Phytoseiidae), with special reference to their responses to the density of their prey

A review of the subfamily Amblyseiinae Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae): Part I. Neoseiulini new tribe

A review of the subfamily Amblyseiinae Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae): Part III. the tribe Amblyseiini Wainstein, subtribe Amblyseiina n. subtribe