Although aspects of social identity theory are familiar to organizational psychologists, its elaboration, through self-categorization theory, of how social categorization and prototype-based depersonalization actually produce social identity effects is less well known. We describe these processes, relate self-categorization theory to social identity theory, describe new theoretical developments in detail, and show how these developments can address a range of organizational phenomena. We discuss cohesion and deviance, leadership, subgroup and sociodemographic structure, and mergers and acquisitions.

Social Identity and Self-Categorization Processes in Organizational Contexts

Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.)

The processes involved in well-being maintenance among African Americans who differed in their attributions to prejudice were examined. A rejection-iden tification model was proposed where stable attributions to prejudice represent rejection by the dominant group. This results in a direct and negative effect on well-being. The model also predicts a positive effect on well-being that is mediated by minority group identification. In other words, the generally negative consequences of perceiving oneself as a victim of racial prejudice can be somewhat alleviated by identification with the minority group. Structural equation analyses provided support for the model and ruled out alternative theoretical possibilities. Perceiving prejudice as pervasive produces effects on well-being that are fundamentally different from those that may arise from an unstable attribution to prejudice for a single negative outcome.

Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being.

The group engagement model expands the insights of the group-value model of procedural justice and the relational model of authority into an explanation for why procedural justice shapes cooperation in groups, organizations, and societies. It hypothesizes that procedures are important because they shape people's social identity within groups, and social identity in turn influences attitudes, values, and behaviors. The model further hypothesizes that resource judgments exercise their influence indirectly by shaping social identity. This social identity mediation hypothesis explains why people focus on procedural justice, and in particular on procedural elements related to the quality of their interpersonal treatment, because those elements carry the most social identity-relevant information. In this article, we review several key insights of the group engagement model, relate these insights to important trends in psychological research on justice, and discuss implications of the model for the future of procedural justice research.

The Group Engagement Model: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Cooperative Behavior

The authors offer a framework for conceptualizing collective identity that aims to clarify and make distinctions among dimensions of identification that have not always been clearly articulated. Elements of collective identification included in this framework are self-categorization, evaluation, importance, attachment and sense of interdependence, social embeddedness, behavioral involvement, and content and meaning. For each element, the authors take note of different labels that have been used to identify what appear to be conceptually equivalent constructs, provide examples of studies that illustrate the concept, and suggest measurement approaches. Further, they discuss the potential links between elements and outcomes and how context moderates these relationships. The authors illustrate the utility of the multidimensional organizing framework by analyzing the different configuration of elements in 4 major theories of identification.

An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality

Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team.

A structural equation model tested the role of degree of identification with a group (Americans) and level of collective self-esteem as determinants of outgroup derogation under identity-threatening and non-threatening conditions. High identification and reductions in collective self-esteem following a threat to that identity lead to outgroup derogation, but level of collective self-esteem did not predict outgroup derogation in the no-threat condition. The consequences of derogating both threat-relevant (Russians) and threat-irrelevant nationalities for subsequent self-esteem were assessed. As predicted by social identity theory, higher amounts of derogation of the threat-relevant outgroup in the identity-threatened condition elevated subsequent collective self-esteem. Derogation of threat-irrelevant outgroups did not have this positive esteem consequence; in fact, increased derogation of irrelevant outgroups reduced subsequent self-esteem. In the no-threat condition, amount of derogation directed towards either type of outgroup did not significantly influence subsequent self-esteem, with the overall pattern being opposite to what was observed in the threat condition. Implications for theories concerning self-processes as instigators of outgroup derogation and the consequences of intergroup comparisons for collective self-esteem are discussed.

Collective self-esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial

Factors believed to be motivations responsible for sport fandom include eustress, self-esteem, escape, entertainment, economic, aesthetic, group affiliation, and family needs. However, these factor...

Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale.

1. An Introduction to the Study of Sport Fans Defining and classifying sport fans Demographic and personality traits of sport fans The pervasiveness and impact of sport in today's society Overview of the remainder of the text PART I: The Desire to Follow Sport, Teams, and Athletes 2. Becoming a Sport Fan Socialization into the role of sport fan Sport fan motivation Some final thoughts 3. Becoming a Sport Spectator Theoretical approaches to sport spectating The theory of personal investment Some final thoughts 4. Sport Fans and Their Heroes An introduction to hero selection Sport heroes in contemporary society: Prevalence, selection, and influence The impact of personality on the admiration of sport heroes A rogue's gallery Some final thoughts PART II:Spectator Agression 5. An Introduction to Spectator Agression Definitions and Distinctions The various forms of spectator aggression Assessing the magnitude of spectator aggression Perceptions of spectator aggression among the interested parties Some final thoughts 6. Psychological and SOciological Causes of Spectator Aggression Psychological approaches to understanding spectator aggression Sociological approaches to understanding spectator aggression Alcohol Some final thoughts 7. Sport Spectator Riots Definitions of riotous behavior Typologies of riots Those who would participate in and escalate a sport riot Those who would quell a sport riot: The peacemakers Soccer hooliganism Some final thoughts PART III:The Function of Sport Fandom for Individuals and Society 8. The Psychological Consequences of Sport Fandom Psychologically-based criticisms of sport fans and the pastime Psychological Well-being and Sport Fandom Some final thoughts 9. The Societal Consequences of Sport Fandom The structural-functionalist perspective Selected critiques of sport fandom Some final thoughts References Author Index Subject Index

Sport Fans: The Psychology and Social Impact of Spectators

Previous research has demonstrated that people are capable of strategic self-presentation; they decrease the distance between themselves and successful groups with which they have only the most tri...

Daniel L. Wann

Papers

Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team.

Collective self-esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial

Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale.

Sport Fans: The Psychology and Social Impact of Spectators

Die-Hard and Fair-Weather Fans: Effects of Identification on BIRGing and CORFing Tendencies: