1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

Men and Women of the Corporation

https://personal.lse.ac.uk/FERREIRD/gender.pdf

Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance

COVID-19 Dashboard

https://cws.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cws/article/download/14795/13847

This study examines the relationship between board diversity and firm value for Fortune 1000 firms. Board diversity is defined as the percentage of women, African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics on the board of directors. This research is important because it presents the first empirical evidence examining whether board diversity is associated with improved financial value. After controlling for size, industry, and other corporate governance measures, we find significant positive relationships between the fraction of women or minorities on the board and firm value. We also find that the proportion of women and minorities on boards increases with firm size and board size, but decreases as the number of insiders increases.

Corporate Governance, Board Diversity, and Firm Value

Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: We examine the business case for the inclusion of women and ethnic minority directors on the board. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between the number of women directors and the number of ethnic minority directors on the board and important board committees and financial performance measured as return on assets and Tobin’s Q. Research Findings/Insights: We do not find a significant relationship between the gender or ethnic diversity of the board, or important board committees, and financial performance for a sample of major US corporations. Our evidence also suggests that the gender and ethnic minority diversity of the board and firm financial performance appear to be endogenous. Theoretical/Academic Implications: Reasonable theoretical arguments drawn from resource dependence theory, human capital theory, agency theory, and social psychology suggest that gender and ethnic diversity may have either a positive, negative, or neutral effect on the financial performance of the firm. Our statistical analysis supports the theoretical position of no effect, either positive or negative. Our results are consistent with a contingency explanation because the effect of the gender and ethnic diversity of the board may be different under different circumstances at different times. Over several companies and time periods, the results could offset to produce no effect. Practitioner/Policy Implications: The results of our analysis do not support the business case for inclusion of women and ethnic minorities on corporate boards. However, we find no evidence of any negative effect either. Our evidence implies that decisions concerning the appointment of women and ethnic minorities to corporate boards should be based on criteria other than future financial performance.

/pdf/the-gender-and-ethnic-diversity-of-us-boards-and-board-3p93ief995.pdf

The Gender and Ethnic Diversity of US Boards and Board Committees and Firm Financial Performance

Does hedging add value to the firm, and if so, is the source of the added value consistent with hedging theory? We investigate jet fuel hedging behavior of firms in the US airline industry during 1992–2003 to examine whether such hedging is a source of value for these companies. We illustrate that the investment and financing climate in the airline industry conforms well to the theoretical framework of Froot, Scharfstein, and Stein (1993). In general, airline industry investment opportunities correlate positively with jet fuel costs, while higher fuel costs are consistent with lower cash flow. Given that jet fuel costs are hedgeable, airlines with a desire for expansion may find value in hedging future purchases of jet fuel. Our results show that jet fuel hedging is positively related to airline firm value. The coefficients on the hedging variables in our regression analysis suggest that the “hedging premium” is greater than the 5% documented in Allayannis and Weston (2001), and might be as large as 10%. We find that the positive relation between hedging and value increases in capital investment, and that most of the hedging premium is attributable to the interaction of hedging with investment. This result is consistent with the assertion that the principal benefit of jet fuel hedging by airlines comes from reduction of underinvestment costs.

Does Hedging Affect Firm Value? Evidence from the US Airline Industry

The market’s reaction to unexpected, catastrophic events: the case of airline stock returns and the September 11th attacks

We examine the relationship between the gender and ethnic minority diversity of the board of directors and the financial performance of the firm. The research is unique because we analyze the diversity of important board committees to gain greater insight into the way diversity affects board functions and shareholder value. Our sample consists of all firms listed in the Fortune 500 over the period 1998-2002 which yields a panel of data with approximately 2,000 firm years. The results of three-stage least-squares estimation support the conclusion that board diversity has a positive effect on financial performance as measured by Tobin's q. The evidence on board committees indicates that gender diversity has a positive effect on financial performance primarily through the audit function of the board and ethnic diversity impacts financial performance through all three functions of the board we investigate, audit, executive compensation, and director nomination.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1106698_code517200.pdf?abstractid=1106698&mirid=1

David A. Carter

Papers

Corporate Governance, Board Diversity, and Firm Value

The Gender and Ethnic Diversity of US Boards and Board Committees and Firm Financial Performance

Does Hedging Affect Firm Value? Evidence from the US Airline Industry

The market’s reaction to unexpected, catastrophic events: the case of airline stock returns and the September 11th attacks

The Diversity of Corporate Board Committees and Financial Performance