In recent years there has been a growing body of literature within political science and international studies that directly and indirectly uses, discusses and analyzes the processes involved in lesson-drawing, policy convergence, policy diffusion and policy transfer. While the terminology and focus often vary, all of these studies are concerned with a similar process in which knowledge about policies, administrative arrangements, institutions and ideas in one political setting (past or present) is used in the development of policies, administrative arrangements, institutions and ideas in another political setting.

Given that this is a growing phenomenon, it is something that anyone studying public policy needs to consider. As such, this article is divided into four major sections. The first section briefly considers the extent of, and reasons for, the growth of policy transfer. The second section then outlines a framework for the analysis of transfer. From here a third section presents a continuum for distinguishing between different types of policy transfer. Finally, the last section addresses the relationship between policy transfer and policy “failure.”

Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy‐Making

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Research methods in the social sciences

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

The third way: the renewal of social democracy

The management of urban stormwater has become increasingly complex over recent decades. Consequently, terminology describing the principles and practices of urban drainage has become increasingly diverse, increasing the potential for confusion and miscommunication. This paper documents the history, scope, application and underlying principles of terms used in urban drainage and provides recommendations for clear communication of these principles. Terminology evolves locally and thus has an important role in establishing awareness and credibility of new approaches and contains nuanced understandings of the principles that are applied locally to address specific problems. Despite the understandable desire to have a ‘uniform set of terminology’, such a concept is flawed, ignoring the fact that terms reflect locally shared understanding. The local development of terminology thus has an important role in advancing the profession, but authors should facilitate communication between disciplines and between regio...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1573062X.2014.916314

SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more – The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage

It has always existed but there can be no doubt that the rapid growth in communications of all types since the Second World War has accelerated the process. Not surprisingly, the increase in policy transfer has led to the development of interest in the topic among students of comparative politics and public policy. This article reviews this literature which is of two types. First, there are studies which do not use the concept but which often throw considerable light on policy transfer. Second, there is a growing body of material dealing specifically with the process. Both types of study are now common. As an example, the June 1994 edition of Political Studies included two articles dealing with the issues discussed here. Walsh’s examination of exchange rate policy in France and Germany is a good representative of the first type of study. He does not discuss transfer, but shows how international capital flows gave rise to tensions in the European Monetary System which, in turn, led to policy convergence. In contrast, Coleman’s analysis of policy convergence in banking directly addressed the question of how international economic changes affect policy goals, policy content, policy instruments and policy style. The aim of this article is to present a critical review of the literature on policy transfer in order to both introduce the topic to a wider audience and contribute to its development. Our review is both narrower and broader than the major existing review by Bennett.* Bennett’s approach is broader in that he concentrates upon the general pattern of convergence between the policies adopted by nations. In contrast, our focus is more narrowly upon the transfer of specific policies as a result of strategic decisions taken by actors inside and outside government. At the same time however, our approach is broader, particularly because we:

Who Learns What from Whom: a Review of the Policy Transfer Literature

Green infrastructure is a general term referring to the management of landscapes in ways that generate human and ecosystem benefits. Many municipalities have begun to utilize green infrastructure in efforts to meet stormwater management goals. This study examines challenges to integrating gray and green infrastructure for stormwater management, informed by interviews with practitioners in Cleveland, OH and Milwaukee WI. Green infrastructure in these cities is utilized under conditions of extreme fiscal austerity and its use presents opportunities to connect stormwater management with urban revitalization and economic recovery while planning for the effects of negative- or zero-population growth. In this context, specific challenges in capturing the multiple benefits of green infrastructure exist because the projects required to meet federally mandated stormwater management targets and the needs of urban redevelopment frequently differ in scale and location.

Perspectives on the use of green infrastructure for stormwater management in Cleveland and Milwaukee.

The fact that three contributions address the state of policy transfer research and, to an extent, our contribution to it, suggests that we emphasised, although we did not ‘discover’, an important aspect of contemporary policy making. Here, we shall briefly discuss some of the issues about our work raised in these contributions before turning to our main concern, a focus upon some of the ways in which policy transfer research might usefully develop.

David P. Dolowitz

Papers

Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy‐Making

Who Learns What from Whom: a Review of the Policy Transfer Literature

Perspectives on the use of green infrastructure for stormwater management in Cleveland and Milwaukee.

The Future of Policy Transfer Research

A Policy–maker's Guide to Policy Transfer