Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Beginning with Emlen (1966) and MacArthur and Pianka (1966) and extending through the last ten years, several authors have sought to predict the foraging behavior of animals by means of mathematical models. These models are very similar,in that they all assume that the fitness of a foraging animal is a function of the efficiency of foraging measured in terms of some "currency" (Schoener, 1971) -usually energy- and that natural selection has resulted in animals that forage so as to maximize this fitness. As a result of these similarities, the models have become known as "optimal foraging models"; and the theory that embodies them, "optimal foraging theory." The situations to which optimal foraging theory has been applied, with the exception of a few recent studies, can be divided into the following four categories: (1) choice by an animal of which food types to eat (i.e., optimal diet); (2) choice of which patch type to feed in (i.e., optimal patch choice); (3) optimal allocation of time to different patches; and (4) optimal patterns and speed of movements. In this review we discuss each of these categories separately, dealing with both the theoretical developments and the data that permit tests of the predictions. The review is selective in the sense that we emphasize studies that either develop testable predictions or that attempt to test predictions in a precise quantitative manner. We also discuss what we see to be some of the future developments in the area of optimal foraging theory and how this theory can be related to other areas of biology. Our general conclusion is that the simple models so far formulated are supported are supported reasonably well by available data and that we are optimistic about the value both now and in the future of optimal foraging theory. We argue, however, that these simple models will requre much modification, espicially to deal with situations that either cannot easily be put into one or another of the above four categories or entail currencies more complicated that just energy.

Citation classic - optimal foraging - a selective review of theory and tests

A tool changer is disclosed for automatically removing a working tool after having been used from the spindle of a machine tool such as a vertical milling machine, transferring the used working tool to a rack which stores a plurality of working tools, picking up from the rack another working tool for the next machining operation, transferring such new working tool to the spindle, and operatively mounting such new working tool on the spindle.

Temperature and Organism Size—A Biological Law for Ectotherms?

Latin hypercube sampling and the propagation of uncertainty in analyses of complex systems

The application of molecular genetic techniques has revolutionized our view of avian mating systems. Contrary to prior expectations, birds are only very rarely sexually monogamous, with ‘extra-pair offspring’ found in approximately 90% of species. Even among socially monogamous species, over 11% of offspring are, on average, the result of extra-pair paternity (EPP). Based on over 150 molecular genetic studies of EPP in birds, we review two topical areas: (i) ecological explanations for interspecific variation in the rate of EPP; and (ii) evidence bearing on the adaptive function of EPP. We highlight the remaining challenges of understanding the relative roles of genes and ecology in determining variation between taxa in the rate of extra paternity, and testing for differences between extra-pair offspring and those sired within-pair.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01613.x

Extra pair paternity in birds: a review of interspecific variation and adaptive function.

Understanding the mechanisms controlling recruitment in fishes is a major problem in fisheries science. Although the literature on recruitment mechanisms is large and growing rapidly, it is primari...

/pdf/larval-size-and-recruitment-mechanisms-in-fishes-toward-a-3ujreqm5jo.pdf

Larval Size and Recruitment Mechanisms in Fishes: Toward a Conceptual Framework

We used an individual-based Monte Carlo simulation model to explore how changes in the mean and variance of growth rates of individuals in a larval fish cohort interact with size-dependent predatio...

/pdf/growth-rate-variation-and-larval-survival-inferences-from-an-mfxoxrnzkg.pdf

Growth Rate Variation and Larval Survival: Inferences from an Individual-Based Size-Dependent Predation Model

This work was funded by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife and supported by the Department of Evolution,
Ecology, and Organismal Biology and the Aquatic Ecology Laboratory at the Ohio State University.

/pdf/the-cost-of-dispersal-predation-as-a-function-of-movement-3mczdttz4h.pdf

The cost of dispersal: predation as a function of movement and site familiarity in ruffed grouse

Round goby Neogobius melanostomus first appeared in Lake Erie in 1993 and now occur in extremely high densities in some areas. As known nest predators, round goby currently pose a threat to nest-guarding smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu. We conducted manipulative experiments to evaluate the combined effects of round goby predation and catch-and-release angling during 1999–2001 in the Bass Islands, Lake Erie. We quantified how many smallmouth bass offspring were consumed by round goby when nest-guarding smallmouth bass males were present, removed, and recovering from angling-related stress. In 10 h of video observations, we only saw one instance of round goby consuming smallmouth bass offspring while the nest was guarded. Upon removal of nest-guarding smallmouth bass, round goby quickly entered unguarded nests (4.3 round goby/min for nests with unhatched embryos and 1.8 round goby/min for nests with hatched embryos). During experimental catch-and-release angling, round goby consumed an average...

/pdf/round-goby-predation-on-smallmouth-bass-offspring-in-nests-4ifyvc0gs6.pdf

Round Goby Predation on Smallmouth Bass Offspring in Nests during Simulated Catch-and-Release Angling

This work was funded by Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Program project F-69-P, administered jointly by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Ohio Division of Wildlife.

/pdf/river-discharge-drives-survival-of-larval-walleye-2m5yn50yqq.pdf

Elizabeth A. Marschall

Papers

Larval Size and Recruitment Mechanisms in Fishes: Toward a Conceptual Framework

Growth Rate Variation and Larval Survival: Inferences from an Individual-Based Size-Dependent Predation Model

The cost of dispersal: predation as a function of movement and site familiarity in ruffed grouse

Round Goby Predation on Smallmouth Bass Offspring in Nests during Simulated Catch-and-Release Angling

River discharge drives survival of larval walleye