Frank Ellis

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a framework for livelihoods analysis in rural Tanzania based on a case-study in Rural Tanzania, focusing on the gender and rural living conditions.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the recent literature on diversification as a livelihood strategy of rural households in developing countries, with particular reference to sub-Saharan Africa, and concluded that removal of constraints to, and expansion of opportunities for, diversification are desirable policy objectives because they give individuals and households more capabilities to improve livelihood security and to raise living standards.

TL;DR: In this paper, an approach to poverty reduction in low-income countries known as the sustainable livelihoods approach is applied to understand the strategies of artisanal fisherfolk confronted by fluctuating fisheries resources.

Abstract: The diversity of rural livelihoods in low income developing countries is receiving increased attention in discussions about rural poverty reduction. This paper explores just one facet of livelihood diversity, namely the reasons for households to adopt multiple livelihood strategies. The distinction is made between diversification of necessity and diversification by choice. Six determinants of diversification are considered in the light of that distinction, and these are seasonality, risk, labour markets, credit markets, asset strategies, and coping strategies. The paper concludes that under the precarious conditions that characterise rural survival in many low income countries, diversification has positive attributes for livelihood security that outweigh negative connotations it may possess. Policy should facilitate rather than inhibit diversity. Diverse rural livelihoods are less vulnerable than undiversified ones.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a theory of the optimising peasant and the profit-maximising peasant in the context of political economy, and discuss women in the peasant household.