Buildings consume about 40% of the overall energy consumption, worldwide and correspondingly are also responsible for carbon emissions. Since, last decade efforts have been made to reduce this share of CO2 emissions by energy conservation and efficient measures. Scientist across the world is working on energy modeling and control in order to develop strategies that would result in an overall reduction of a building׳s energy consumption. Development of control strategies asks for a computationally efficient energy model of a building under study. This paper presents a review of all the significant modeling methodologies which have been developed and adopted to model the energy systems of buildings. Attention is majorly focused on the works which involved development of the control strategies by modeling the building energy systems. Models reviewed are presented categorically as per the modeling approach adopted by the researchers. Simulation programs and softwares available for building energy modeling are also presented.

A review on modeling and simulation of building energy systems

Energy flexibility of residential buildings using short term heat storage in the thermal mass

Controlling district heating and cooling networks to unlock flexibility: A review

Quantifying the operational flexibility of building energy systems with thermal energy storages

https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/140693712/2018_Applied_Energy_Quantifying_demand_flexibility_of_power_to_heat_and_.._.pdf

Quantifying demand flexibility of power-to-heat and thermal energy storage in the control of building heating systems

The management of electricity grids requires the supply and demand of electricity to be in balance at any point in time. To this end, electricity suppliers have to nominate their electricity bids on the day-ahead electricity market so that the forecast supply and demand are in balance. One way to reduce the cost of electricity supply is to minimize the procurement costs of electricity by shifting flexible loads from peak to off-peak hours. This can be done by offering consumers time-of-use variable electricity tariffs as an incentive to shift their demand. This study provides typologies of smart grid energy ready buildings within the context of the Belgian residential building stock and the Belgian day-ahead electricity market. Typical new residential buildings are considered, equipped with air-to-water heat pumps that supply either radiators or a floor heating system. Five heating control strategies are compared in terms of thermal comfort, energy use, cost, and flexibility. Flexibility is quantified in ...

Smart grid energy flexible buildings through the use of heat pumps and building thermal mass as energy storage in the Belgian context

A simplified Building-HVAC system model is presented here. It includes simplified models of building zone and of HVAC equipment. the simplified building zone model is based on a R and C network, whose parameters are adjusted through a frequency characteristic analysis. The implementation of the classical phenomena taking place in building dynamics is discussed. The simplified building model is compared with more detailed models, using the BESTEST procedure. Teh application of the presented model to the audit of commercial buildings is also discussed.

https://ibpsa-usa.org/index.php/ibpusa/article/download/235/224

Building and HVAC system simulation with the help of an engineering equation solver

The management of electricity grids requires the supply and demand of electricity to be in balance at any point in time. To this end, electricity suppliers have to nominate their electricity bids on the day-ahead electricity market such that the forecasted supply and demand are in balance. One way to reduce the cost of electricity supply is to minimize the procurement costs of electricity by shifting flexible loads from peak to off-peak hours. This can be done by offering consumers time-of-use (ToU) variable electricity tariffs as an incentive to shift their demand. Smart control of HVAC equipment with embedded model predictive control (MPC) can be used in that context. They have to be provided with dynamic building simulation models. This study provides typologies of Smart Grid Energy ready Buildings within the context of the Belgian building stock and the Belgian day-ahead electricity market. A typical new residential building is considered, equipped with an air-to-water heat pump that supplies either radiators or a floor heating system. Five heating control strategies are compared in terms of thermal comfort, energy use and flexibility, where the flexibility is quantified in terms of load volumes shifted and in terms of procurement costs avoided. The first three are rule-based control strategies, whereas the latter two are ‘smart-grid’ model predictive control strategies responding to a time-varying electricity price profile. The results show that the ‘smart-grid’ control strategies allow to reduce the procurement costs by 2 to 18% and increase the flexibility by 8 to 24% (volume shifted) with the same thermal comfort. The impact of building insulation level and thermal mass is also evaluated. The flexibility for load shifting is about 8 to 10% higher when shifting from a low-energy (K45) to a very-low-energy house (K30).

/pdf/smart-grid-energy-flexible-buildings-through-the-use-of-heat-3y6dqtq5at.pdf

Smart Grid Energy Flexible Buildings through the use of Heat Pumps in the Belgian context

Lessons Learned from Heat Balance Analysis for Holzkirchen Twin Houses Experiment

A new local ventilation device is designed in such a way to procure ventilation “on demand” in each room, with a maximum of effectiveness and a minimum of energy waste. It consists in a parapipedic box to be located in one external wall (for example, just above a window) and containing two (injection and extraction) fans and a recovery heat exchanger. The design of the heat exchanger is associated to the selection of the two fans in view of the best compromise between heat recovery effectiveness and “auxiliary” consumptions. Great attention is paid to supply and exhaust air openings on both indoor and outdoor sides of the device, in order to get the highest ventilation effectiveness. A fair compromise is looked for between air flow control “authority” and “auxiliary” consumption.

Gabrielle Masy

Papers

Smart grid energy flexible buildings through the use of heat pumps and building thermal mass as energy storage in the Belgian context

Building and HVAC system simulation with the help of an engineering equation solver

Smart Grid Energy Flexible Buildings through the use of Heat Pumps in the Belgian context

Lessons Learned from Heat Balance Analysis for Holzkirchen Twin Houses Experiment

Decentralized mechanical ventilation with heat recovery