Fungi are an understudied, biotechnologically valuable group of organisms. Due to 
the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit, and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi, bacteria, and animals, fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms. The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry. Moreover, fungi can be grown with relative ease, making production at scale viable. The search for fungal biodiversity, and the construction of a living fungi collection, both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products. This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology. We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers. We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products. Fungi have provided the world with penicillin, lovastatin, and other globally significant medicines, and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.

The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially

Chromium is a potentially toxic metal occurring in water and groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources. Microbial interaction with mafic and ultramafic rocks together with geogenic processes release Cr (VI) in natural environment by chromite oxidation. Moreover, Cr (VI) pollution is largely related to several Cr (VI) industrial applications in the field of energy production, manufacturing of metals and chemicals, and subsequent waste and wastewater management. Chromium discharge in European Union (EU) waters is subjected to nationwide recommendations, which vary depending on the type of industry and receiving water body. Once in water, chromium mainly occurs in two oxidation states Cr (III) and Cr (VI) and related ion forms depending on pH values, redox potential, and presence of natural reducing agents. Public concerns with chromium are primarily related to hexavalent compounds owing to their toxic effects on humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Risks for human health range from skin irritation to DNA damages and cancer development, depending on dose, exposure level, and duration. Remediation strategies commonly used for Cr (VI) removal include physico-chemical and biological methods. This work critically presents their advantages and disadvantages, suggesting a site-specific and accurate evaluation for choosing the best available recovering technology.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/15/5438/pdf

Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies: An Overview.

Metallic species mobilized and released into the environment by the technological activities of human tend to persist indefinitely, circulating and eventually accumulating throughout the food chain, thus posing a serious threat to the environment, animals and humans. It is essential to realize that the metal is only removed from solution when it is appropriately immobilized. Apart from slow natural process of metal mineralization, ultimate removal is attained only when the metal becomes concentrated to the point that it can be either returned to the process or resold. The metallic pollutants can be sorbed by biosorbant material. The mechanism of biosorption is complex, mainly ion exchange, chelation, adsorption by physical forces, entrapment in inter and intrafibrilliar capillaries and spaces of the structural polysaccharide network as a result of the concentration gradient and diffusion through cell walls and membranes. Due to the extensive research and significant economic benefits of biosorption, some new biosorbant resources are poised for commercial exploitation.

Biosorption of Heavy Metals: A Review

Clay minerals are affordable, abundant, naturally occurring minerals found in many parts of the world that have been used effectively for remediation of many contaminants. This review article is aimed at studies involving the use of clay minerals for the remediation of soils and water contaminated with heavy metals. All relevant scientific literature using science direct online database from the year 2000 till 2019 were evaluated. The review highlighted the properties of clay minerals which make them good adsorbents and the processes necessary for adsorption to take place. It revealed that clay minerals are quite effective for remediation purposes, confirmed that clay minerals are very affordable, reliable, and environmentally friendly remediation materials for heavy metal contaminated media. Also, several methods are available for the modification of clay minerals in order to increase their adsorption capacity. However, in order to establish the use of clay minerals as heavy metal remediation materials compared to other established methods, more investigations are required, to determine the best modification type for clay minerals as well as the standard dosage of clay minerals required for the adsorption of heavy metals.

A review on the application of clay minerals as heavy metal adsorbents for remediation purposes

Background. Rapid industrialization and anthropogenic activities such as the unmanaged use of agro-chemicals, fossil fuel burning and dumping of sewage sludge have caused soils and waterways to be ...

/pdf/bioremediation-options-for-heavy-metal-pollution-5es8urvm06.pdf

Bioremediation Options for Heavy Metal Pollution

The discharge of untreated tannery wastewater containing biotoxic substances of heavy metals in the ecosystem is one of the most important environmental and health challenges in our society. Hence, there is a growing need for the development of novel, efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for the remediation of inorganic metals (Cr, Hg, Cd, and Pb) released into the environment and to safeguard the ecosystem. In this regard, recent advances in microbes-base heavy metal have propelled bioremediation as a prospective alternative to conventional techniques. Heavy metals are nonbiodegradable and could be toxic to microbes. Several microorganisms have evolved to develop detoxification mechanisms to counter the toxic effects of these inorganic metals. This present review offers a critical evaluation of bioremediation capacity of microorganisms, especially in the context of environmental protection. Furthermore, this article discussed the biosorption capacity with respect to the use of bacteria, fungi, biofilm, algae, genetically engineered microbes, and immobilized microbial cell for the removal of heavy metals. The use of biofilm has showed synergetic effects with many fold increase in the removal of heavy metals as sustainable environmental technology in the near future.

/pdf/toxicity-and-bioremediation-of-heavy-metals-contaminated-2738d60qju.pdf

Grace O. Idoko

Papers

Toxicity and Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Contaminated Ecosystem from Tannery Wastewater: A Review