Preface to the Fifth Edition Chapter 1 Language, Learning, and Teaching Questions about Second Language Acquisition Learner Characteristics Linguistic Factors Learning Processes Age and Acquisition Instructional Variables Context Purpose Rejoicing in Our Defeats Language Learning and Teaching Schools of Thought in Second Language Acquisition Structural Linguistics and Behavioral Psychology Generative Linguistics and Cognitive Psychology Constructivism: A Multidisciplinary Approach Nineteen Centuries of Language Teaching Language Teaching in the Twentieth Century Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry Guidelines for Entry 1 PART I. AGE FACTORS Chapter 2 First Language Acquisition Theories of First Language Acquisition Behavioral Approaches Challenges to Behavioral Approaches The Nativist Approach Challenges to Nativist Approach Functional Approaches Issues in First Language Acquisition Competence and Performance Comprehension and Production Nature or Nurture? Universals Systematicity and Variability Language and Thought Imitation Practice and Frequency Input Discourse First Language Acquisition Insights Applied to Language Teaching Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 2 Chapter 3 Age and Acquisition Dispelling Myths Types of Comparison and Contrast The Critical Period Hypothesis Neurobiological Considerations Hemispheric Lateralization Biological Timetables Right-Hemispheric Participation Anthropological Evidence The Significance of Accent Cognitive Considerations Affective Considerations Linguistics Considerations Bilingualism Interference Between First and Second Languages Order of Acquisition Issues in First Language Acquisition Revisited Competence and Performance Comprehension and Production Nature or Nurture? Universals Systematicity and Variability Language and Thought Imitation Practice and Frequency Input Discourse Some "Age-and-Acquisition-Inspired" Language Teaching Methods Total Physical Response The Natural Approach, 79 Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 3 PART II. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS Chapter 4 Human Learning Learning and Training Pavlov's Classical Behaviorism Skinner's Operant Conditioning Ausubel's Subsumption Theory Rote vs. Meaningful Learning Systematic Forgetting Rogers's Humanistic Psychology Types of Learning Transfer, Interference, and Overgeneralization Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Language Aptitude Intelligence and Language Learning Learning Theories in Action: Two Language Teaching Methods in Contrast The Audiolingual Method Community Language Learning Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 4 Chapter 5 Styles and Strategies Process, Style, and Strategy Learning Styles Field Independence Left- and Right-Brain Dominance Ambiguity Tolerance Reflectivity and Impulsivity Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic Styles Autonomy, Awareness and Action Strategies Learning Strategies Communication Strategies Avoidance Strategies Compensatory Strategies Strategies-Based Instruction Identifying Learners' Styles and Strategies Incorporating SBI into the Language Classroom Stimulating Strategic Action Beyond the Classroom Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 5 Chapter 6 Personality Factors The Affective Domain Affective Factors in Second Language Acquisition Self-Esteem Attribution Theory and Self-Efficacy Willingness to Communicate Inhibition Risk-Taking Anxiety Empathy Extroversion Motivation Theories of Motivation Instrumental and Integrative Orientations Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation The Neurobiology of Affect Personality Types and Language Acquisition Measuring Affective Factors Intrinsic Motivation in the Classroom Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry PART III. SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS Chapter 7 Sociocultural Factors Culture Definitions and Theories Stereotypes or Generalizations? Attitudes Second Culture Acquisition Social Distance Teaching Intercultural Competance Language Policy and Politics World Englishes ESL and EFL Linguistic Imperialism and Language Rights Language Policy and the "English Only" Debate Language, Thought, and Culture Framing Our Conceptual Universe The Whorfian Hypothesis Culture in the Language Classroom Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 7 Chapter 8 Communicative Competence Defining Communicative Competence Language Functions Halliday's Seven Functions of Language Functional Approaches to Language Teaching Discourse Analysis Conversation Analysis Corpus Linguistics Contrastive Rhetoric Pragmatics Sociopragmatics and Pragmalinguistics Language and Gender Discourse Styles Nonverbal Communication Kinesics Eye Contact Proxemics Artifacts Kinesthetics Olfactory Dimensions CC in the Classroom: CLT and Task-Based Teaching Communicative Language Teaching Task-Based Instruction Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 8 PART IV. LINGUISTIC FACTORS Chapter 9 Cross-Linguistic Influential and Learner Language The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis From the CAH to CLI Markedness and Universal Grammar Learner Language Error Analysis Mistakes and Errors Errors in Error Analysis Identifying and Describing Errors Sources of Error Interlingual Transfer Intralingual Transfer Context of Learning Communication Strategies Stages of Learner Language Development Variation in Learner Language Fossilization or Stabilization? Errors in the Classroom: A Brief History Form-Focused Instruction Categories of Error Treatment Effectiveness of FFI Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 9 Chapter 10 Toward a Theory of Second Language Acquisition Building a Theory of SLA Domains and Generalizations Hypotheses and Claims Criteria for a Viable Theory Hot Topics in SLA Research Explicit and Implicit Learning Awareness Input and Output Frequency An Innatist Model: Krashen's Input Hypothesis Five Hypotheses Evaluations of the Five Hypotheses The Output Hypothesis Cognitive Models McLaughlin's Attention-Processing Model Implicit and Explicit Models A Social Constructivist Model: Long's Interactive Hypothesis Out on a Limb: A Light-Hearted "Horticultural" Theory of SLA From Theory to Practice A Reciprocal Relationship, Not a Dichotomy Suggestions for Theory Building The Believing Game and the Doubting Game The Art and Science of SLA The Role of Intuition Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Final Journal Entry Bibliography Glossary Index

Principles of language learning and teaching

From the Publisher:
"Are you interested in using the Internet in your classroom but don't know where to start? This book introduces teachers to the Internet and provides a collection of activities for classroom use." "The first part of the book discusses different facets of the Internet (software, modes of communication, finding and classifying resources) and gives clear guidance on the practicalities of using the Internet as a resource and classroom tool. The second part provides a range of practical activities grouped by theme and level. The final part of the book looks at how to create simple web pages and offers guidelines on how to set up and run global projects such as email and cultural exchanges."--BOOK JACKET.

Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching

Principles of Language Learning and Teaching

How Languages Are Learned

The author argues that second language acquisition (SLA) theorists have struggled to conceptualize the relationship between the language learner and the social world because they have not developed a comprehensive theory of social identity which integrates the language learner and the language learning context. She also maintains that SLA theorists have not adequately addressed how relations of power affect interaction between language learners and target language speakers. Using data collected in Canada from January to December 1991 from diaries, questionnaires, individual and group interviews, and home visits, the author illustrates how and under what conditions the immigrant women in her study created, responded to, and sometimes resisted opportunities to speak English. Drawing on her data analysis as well as her reading in social theory, the author argues that current conceptions of the individual in SLA theory need to be reconceptualized, and she draws on the poststructuralist conception of social identity as multiple, a site of struggle, and subject to change to explain the findings from her study. Further, she argues for a conception of investment rather than motivation to capture the complex relationship of language learners to the target language and their sometimes ambivalent desire to speak it. The notion of investment conceives of the language learner, not as a historical and unidimensional, but as having a complex social history and multiple desires. The article includes a discussion of the implications of the study for classroom teaching and current theories of communicative competence.

/pdf/social-identity-investment-and-language-learning-3tincoufwj.pdf

Social Identity, Investment, and Language Learning*

Chapter 1: Assessment Concepts and Issues Assessment and Testing Measurement and Evaluation Assessment and Learning Informal and Formal Assessment Formative and Summative Assessment Norm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced Tests Types and Purposes of Assessment Achievement Tests Diagnostic Tests Placement Tests Proficiency Tests Aptitude Tests Issues in Language Assessment: Then and Now Behavioral Influences on Language Testing Integrative Approaches Communicative Language Testing Performance-based Assessment Current "Hot Topics" in Classroom-based Assessment Multiple Intelligences Traditional and "Alternative" Assessment Computer-based Testing Other Current Issues Exercises For Your Further Reading Chapter 2: Principles Of Language Assessment Practicality Reliability Student-Related Reliability Rater Reliability Test Administration Reliability Test Reliability Validity Content-Related Evidence Criterion-Related Evidence Construct-Related Evidence Consequential Validity (Impact) Face Validity Authenticity Washback Applying Principles to the Evaluation of Classroom Tests Exercises For Your Further Reading Chapter 3: Designing Classroom Language Tests Four Assessment Scenarios Determining the Purpose of a Test Designing Clear, Unambiguous Objectives Drawing Up Test Specifications Devising Test Items Designing Multiple-Choice Items Administering the Test Scoring, Grading, and Giving Feedback Scoring Grading Giving Feedback Exercises For Your Further Reading Chapter 4: Standards-Based Assessment The Role of Standards in Standardized Tests Standards-Based Education Designing English Language Standards Standards-Based Assessment CASAS and SCANS Teacher Standards The Consequences of Standards-Based and Standardized Testing Test Bias Test-Driven Language and Teaching Ethical Issues: Critical Language Testing Exercises For Your Further Reading Chapter 5: Standardized Testing Advantages and Disadvantages of Standardized Tests Developing a Standardized Test Standardized Language Proficiency Testing Exercises For Your Further Reading Chapter 6: Beyond Tests: Alternatives in Assessment The Dilemma of Maximizing Both Practicality and Washback Performance-Based Assessment Rubrics Portfolios Journals Conferences and Interviews Observations Self- and Peer-Assessments Types of Self- and Peer-Assessment Guidelines for Self- and peer-Assessment A Taxonomy of Self- and Peer-Assessment Tasks Exercises For Your Further Reading Chapter 7: Assessing Listening Integration of Skills in Language Assessment Assessing Grammar and Vocabulary Observing the Performance of the Four Skills The Importance of Listening Basic Types of Listening Micro- and Macroskills of Listening Designing Assessment Tasks: Intensive Listening Recognizing Phonological and Morphological Elements Paraphrase Recognition Designing Assessment Tasks: Responsive Listening Designing Assessment Tasks: Selective Listening Listening Cloze Information Transfer Sentence Repetition Designing Assessment Tasks: Extensive Listening Dictation Communicative Stimulus-Response Tasks Authentic Listening Tasks Exercises For Your Further Reading Chapter 8: Assessing Speaking Basic Types of Speaking Micro- and Macroskills of Speaking Designing Assessment Tasks: Imitative Speaking Versant (R) Designing Assessment Tasks: Intensive Speaking Directed Response Tasks Read-Aloud Tasks Sentence/Dialogue Completion Tasks and Oral Questionnaires Picture-Cued Tasks Translation (of Limited Stretches of Discourse) Designing Assessment Tasks: Responsive Speaking Question and Answer Giving Instructions and Directions Paraphrasing Test of Spoken English (TSE (R)) Designing Assessment Tasks: Interactive Speaking Interview Role Play Discussions and Conversations Games ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) Designing Assessments: Extensive Speaking Oral Presentations Picture-Cued Story-Telling Retelling a Story, News Event Translation (of Extended Prose) Exercises For Your Further Reading Chapter 9: Assessing Reading Genres of Reading Microskills, Macroskills, and Strategies for Reading Types of Reading Designing Assessment Tasks: Perceptive Reading Reading Aloud Written Response Multiple-Choice Picture-Cued Items Designing Assessment Tasks: Selective Reading Multiple Choice (for Form-Focused Criteria) Matching Tasks Editing Tasks Picture-Cued Tasks Gap-Filling Tasks Designing Assessment Tasks: Interactive Reading Cloze Tasks Impromptu Reading Plus Comprehension Questions Short-Answer Tasks Editing (Longer Texts) Scanning Ordering Tasks Information Transfer: Reading Charts, Maps, Graphs, Diagrams Designing Assessment Tasks: Extensive Reading Skimming Tasks Summarizing and Responding Note-Taking and Outlining Exercises For Your Further Reading Chapter 10: Assessing Writing Genres of Written Language Types of Writing Performance Micro- and Macroskills of Writing Designing Assessment Tasks: Imitative Writing Tasks in [Hand] Writing Letters, Words, and Punctuation Spelling Tasks and Detecting Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences Designing Assessment Tasks: Intensive (Controlled) Writing Dictation and Dicto-Comp Grammatical Transformation Tasks Picture-Cued Tasks Vocabulary Assessment Tasks Ordering Tasks Short-Answer and Sentence Completion Tasks Issues in Assessing Responsive and Extensive Writing Designing Assessment Tasks: Responsive and Extensive Writing Paraphrasing Guided Question and Answer Paragraph Construction Tasks Strategic Options Scoring Methods for Responsive and Extensive Writing Holistic Scoring Primary Trait Scoring Analytic Scoring Beyond Scoring: Responding to Extensive Writing Assessing Initial Stages of the Process of Composing Assessing Later Stages of the Process of Composing Exercises For Your Further Reading Chapter 11: Assessing Grammar and Vocabulary Assessing Grammar Defining Grammatical Knowledge Designing Assessment Tasks: Selected Response Multiple-Choice (MC) Tasks Discrimination Tasks Noticing Tasks or Consciousness Raising Tasks Designing Assessment Tasks: Limited Production Gap-filling Tasks Short Answer Tasks Dialogue Completion Tasks Designing Assessment Tasks: Extended Production Information-gap Tasks Role Play or Simulation Tasks Assessing Vocabulary The Nature of Vocabulary Defining Lexical Knowledge Some Considerations in Designing Assessment Tasks Designing Assessment Tasks: Receptive Vocabulary Designing Assessment Tasks: Productive Vocabulary Exercises For Your Further Reading Chapter 12: Grading and Student Evaluation Philosophy of Grading: What Should Grades Reflect? Guidelines for Selecting Grading Criteria Methods for Calculating Grades Teachers' Perceptions of Appropriate Grade Distributions Institutional Expectations and Constraints Cross-Cultural Factors and the Question of Difficulty What Do Letter Grades "Mean"? Calculating Grades Alternatives to Letter Grading Some Principles and Guidelines for Grading and Evaluation Exercises For Your Further Reading Appendix: Commercial Tests Glossary Bibliography Name Index Subject Index

H. Douglas Brown

Papers

Principles of language learning and teaching

Principles of Language Learning and Teaching

How Languages Are Learned

Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices

Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy