The Brush Foundation studies on human growth and development, begun in 1931 and terminated in 1942, have been intensively reviewed and studied by Dr Greulich and Miss Pyle in the formulation of this Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist Serial radiographs of from 2 to 20 hand-films made at successive examinations of each of 1000 boys and girls made up the radiographic material Standards were selected that were judged to be the most representative of the central tendency or anatomic mode of each chronologic age group from birth through 18 years

Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist

argument is often, if not acrimonious, at least heated. It gives an impression of the fluidity of opinion on many fundamental ideas under discussion and of the urgency with which cardiac cyanosis in the newborn is regarded. When Dr. William Muscott says that the earliest he has operated for pulmonary stenosis is on an infant 3 days old, and Sir Russell Brock agrees that the earlier in the first month that operation is undertaken the better, and when Dr. Varco asks Dr. Senning 'so far as I know they have never yet catheterized any child intrauterine in Sweden, but they have done it through the delivery canal sometimes-would you tell us the indications of the Scandinavian group for catheterization in the immediate newborn period?', one is indeed being kept up with the times. But that was two years ago and already some of the questions then debated have since been answered. This beautifully printed and well-illustrated stiff paperbacked volume is, and will for a few years yet remain, an invaluable companion to a full-scale textbook on congenital heart disease.

Growth at Adolescence.

The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive evidence-based atlas to estimate age using both tooth development and alveolar eruption for human individuals between 28 weeks in utero and 23 years. This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study of archived material with the sample aged 2 years and older having a uniform age and sex distribution. Developing teeth from 72 prenatal and 104 postnatal skeletal remains of known age-at-death were examined from collections held at the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the Natural History Museum, London, UK (M 91, F 72, unknown sex 13). Data were also collected from dental radiographs of living individuals (M 264, F 264). Median stage for tooth development and eruption for all age categories was used to construct the atlas. Tooth development was determined according to Moorrees et al. (J Dent Res 42 (1963a) 490-502; Am J Phys Anthropol 21 (1963b) 205-213) and eruption was assessed relative to the alveolar bone level. Intraexaminer reproducibility calculated using Kappa on 150 teeth was 0.90 for 15 skeletal remains of age <2 years, and 0.81 from 605 teeth (50 radiographs). Age categories were monthly in the last trimester, 2 weeks perinatally, 3-month intervals during the first year, and at every year thereafter. Results show that tooth formation is least variable in infancy and most variable after the age of 16 years for the development of the third molar.

/pdf/brief-communication-the-london-atlas-of-human-tooth-14a074f1fv.pdf

Brief communication: The London atlas of human tooth development and eruption.

This is a very large compilation of growth data with an extremely wide coverage of population groups, many of which will be completely unknown to all but the professional ethnographer. There is, however, a disappointingly narrow coverage of variables (length, weight, body widths, circumferences and proportions, skinfold thicknesses, and maturity). Many of the findings are relevant to an important question: should one set of growth reference data be used throughout the world, thus allowing ready comparability between groups, or should there be separate sets for each major racial group or even a multitude of local sets? The studies summarized in this volume indicate many population groups have similar potentials for growth in major body dimensions. For example, the narrower range of means among European than among African groups that range from "tribal" to well-off indicates the range of variation in growth would be reduced greatly if the environmental circumstances allowed

Worldwide Variation in Human Growth

https://www.dentalage.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/cunha_e_et_al_2009_aging-human-remains-a-review.pdf

The problem of aging human remains and living individuals: a review.

https://www.dentalage.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/maber-m_et_al_2006_accuracy_of_DAE.pdf

Accuracy of age estimation of radiographic methods using developing teeth.

Juvenile Skeletal Remains Bone Development Early Embryonic Development The Head and Neck The Dentition Vertebral Column Thorax Pectoral Girdle Upper Limb Pelvic Girdle Lower Limb

The Juvenile Skeleton

Background: Population differences in tooth formation using radiographs can be determined if the entire developmental sequence of a single tooth is studied. The only developing tooth visible radiographically from initiation to root completion is the third molar or wisdom tooth. Aim: The timing of mandibular third molar formation was documented for two groups of children in England and two in South Africa. Subjects and methods: Panoramic radiographs of White and Bangladeshi children from London and Black African and Cape Coloured children from South Africa were examined (age 5–24). Mean age of entering third molar stages (crypt appearance to root completion) was calculated using logistic regression and compared between sex and group using a t-test. Results: Average age of third molar stages was significantly (p < 0.001) later in three groups for almost all stages of the third molar compared to Black children. The average age of entering initial mineralization ranged from 7.97 to 9.74 years while average age of apex closed was 19.27–20.88. Conclusion: These results show for the first time a significant difference in the timing of maturation of the mandibular third molar between groups with South African Black children being earlier than other groups.

/pdf/timing-of-human-mandibular-third-molar-formation-r8aaa4e8fd.pdf

Timing of human mandibular third molar formation

The aim of this study was to document variation of deciduous tooth formation and eruption. The material comprises 121 individuals of known or estimated age (using tooth length) from Spitalfields in London, and radiographs of 61 healthy living children aged 2-5 years. Other skeletal material from two medieval Scottish archaeological sites (Whithorn, N=74; Newark Bay, N=59) was also examined. Stages of crown and root formation as well as eruption (alveolar, midway, and occlusal levels) were assessed for each developing maxillary and mandibular tooth from radiographs or direct vision. Age of attainment for individual stages was calculated by probit analysis, and these data were also adapted for use in estimating age. The timing of crown completion was similar to previously reported studies, but apex completion times were later. Analysis of data relative to the first and second molars at the two stages D (crown complete) and F (root length > or =crown height) allowed comparison with the Scottish material. No significant differences were observed between population groups for tooth formation or eruption. These data fill several gaps in the literature, and will be useful in assessing maturity and predicting age during early childhood.

/pdf/variation-in-crown-and-root-formation-and-eruption-of-human-1c07hummz4.pdf

Helen M. Liversidge

Papers

Brief communication: The London atlas of human tooth development and eruption.

Accuracy of age estimation of radiographic methods using developing teeth.

The Juvenile Skeleton

Timing of human mandibular third molar formation

Variation in crown and root formation and eruption of human deciduous teeth.