ion, Metaphor and Mimesis Southwest is very conscious of its own corporate ‘way of life’. A list is given on its website under the heading ‘culture’ of the desired characteristics of a Southwest person (perseverant, egalitarian, passionate), and these qualities are abstracted into the more general injunctions to be low cost and have high customer service delivery, and the mission statement talks of warmth, friendliness, individual pride and company spirit. So there are clear abstractions here that create a unity and coherence to activities across domains. Throughout this book I have shown how entanglements involve material and conceptual components. In Chapter 2 I described a pebble on a beach that was brought into different assemblies with other things depending on how it was recognized, remembered and owned. In that chapter too I described how the equipmental totality of a thing depended on the different theories about and perspectives towards it. In Chapter 3 I used the quote from Gibson that ‘an affordance points both ways, to the environment and to the observer’ (1986: 129). In Chapter 4 I noted that the maintenance of walls in the Yorkshire Dales depended on expert ideas about organic foods and recent collective nostalgia for a rural way of life. In Chapter 5 I showed how a sail boat had different entanglements, and different affordances depending on the perspectives of sailing, entertaining and protecting the ecosystem of the bay. These ideas about the boat are themselves tied to wider ideas about what is leisure and how the environment should be protected. So entanglements and affordances and functions are always tied to abstractions (ideas, thoughts, words, feelings and senses). These abstractions are hierarchical and nested as noted above, and they often cross domains so that humans seek unities, coherence, metaphor within different realms of experience. Abstractions are general and can often be applied to more than one domain of activity. Their transferability Hodder_c06.indd 120 2/3/2012 12:14:59 PM

Entangled: An Archaeology of the Relationships between Humans and Things

Darlene L. Brooks Hedstrom offers a new history of the field of Egyptian monastic archaeology. It is the first study in English to trace how scholars identified a space or site as monastic within the Egyptian landscape and how such identifications impacted perceptions of monasticism. Brooks Hedstrom then provides an ecohistory of Egypt's tripartite landscape to offer a reorientation of the perception of the physical landscape. She analyzes late-antique documentary evidence, early monastic literature, and ecclesiastical history before turning to the extensive archaeological evidence of Christian monastic settlements. In doing so, she illustrates the stark differences between idealized monastic landscape and the actual monastic landscape that was urbanized through monastic constructions. Drawing upon critical theories in landscape studies, materiality and phenomenology, Brooks Hedstrom looks at domestic settlements of non-monastic and monastic settlements to posit what features makes monastic settlements unique, thus offering a new history of monasticism in Egypt.

The Monastic Landscape of Late Antique Egypt: An Archaeological Reconstruction

Violence sits in places? Cultural practice, neoliberal rationalism, and virulent imaginative geographies

Historical and recent changes in the Spanish forests: a socio-economic process.

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Archaeologies of Memory: An Introduction

Recent criticism of the accuracy of the claimed observations on monument location by workers employing a ‘phenomenological’ approach to landscape archaeology in Britain has exposed failures in the way their particular approach has been employed to explain the choices made in the siting of certain Neolithic monuments. This article explains why such errors of record may have occurred and re-examines the ways in which the phenomenology of Martin Heidegger can offer a more positive contribution to our understanding of the historical context of the creation of these monuments.

A phenomenology of landscape A crisis in British landscape archaeology

Research on burials in archaeology has mainly involved the identification of tomb type and the classification of the material. Although such an arrangement of the data is necessary prior to analysis, the method of ‘grouping based on similarities or differences’, which has been commonly used to organize archaeological data, is not without its problems. This is because the existing method of classification cannot handle ‘outlier’ tombs that deviate from the general trend; it is also difficult to highlight the differences that exist between tombs grouped together based on similarity, or, conversely, the similarities between the tombs divided into different groups. In this paper, ‘network visualization’ was presented a san alternative method of organizing data to compensate for such problems. First of all, a theoretical review of ‘categorization’ and ‘classification’ was conducted in order to suggest how ‘network visualization’ could provide an alternative method of categorization. This possibility was demonstrated using the case study of the burials of the Sangwoon-ri site, in Wanju. In addition, Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of Assemblage was introduced, as a means of supporting a break away from essentialism in categorization. As a result, a new perspective on archaeological style, form, and type was proposed and it was argued, using the example of the Nangnang (Lelang) tombs, that the ‘sub-types’ of the tombs could be viewed as ‘events’ that appear in the ‘creation process of types’, rather than as fixed entities. Finally, visualization methods of multivariate statistical analysis results were also examined to confirm whether the methodological and epistemological possibilities of network visualization presented in this paper are unique to it. By presenting the archaeological usefulness of the concept of network visualization and Assemblage, the paper aims to stimulate further critical thought on the possibility of alternative methods of categorization that can consider similarities and differences together, or indeed the fluidity of styles, forms, and types.

Towards a Diversification of Research on Burials: Application of Network Visualization and the Concept of ‘Assemblage’

Least cost paths (LCPs) have been widely used by archaeologists and geographers to reconstruct probable routes of movement within past landscapes using GIS-based modelling. By definition, LCP modelling is based on the premise that ‘least cost’ features as the primary factor in the decision-making of movement. It can be argued, however, that movement within the landscape was structured not only by the need to minimize costs but also by the desire to maximize benefits. This study introduces a new way of estimating terrain costs that can factor in this tendency towards ‘benefit maximization’ when modelling routes. This alternative methodology features a distinctive way of perceiving the landscape, which differs from the grid-based division of the landscape generally used in LCP modelling. The landscape is seen to be made up of ten different ‘hillslope position units’ (which are generic landscape units widely used in landscape evolution studies) and ‘movement suitability’ values are estimated for each of the hillslope position units. These values are then used to produce a ‘hillslope position unit movement suitability’ (HPMS) cost surface. The evaluation of the HPMS cost surface is undertaken by comparing HPMS-based routes and slope gradient-based LCPs against the historical roads of Korea’s Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910). It is observed that HPMS-based routes demonstrate a greater degree of correspondence with historically confirmed routes, compared to slope gradient-based LCPs. The similarity between HPMS-based routes and historically confirmed routes is found to be greater in mountainous regions vis-à-vis non-mountainous regions. It is proposed that, by taking into account human desire to utilize beneficial landscapes, HPMS-based cost surfaces may result in modelled routes that are closer to actual past experiences.

‘Benefit Maximizing Routes’: Development and Evaluation Using the Historical Roads of Korea’s Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910)

이사부 정벌 전후의 우산국 토착 사회에 대한 지금까지의 추론은 문헌 자료와 고고학 자료를 통해 이루어져 왔다. 이중 고고학 자료에 대한 무비판적 수용은 청동기시대 부터 울릉도에 주민이 정주했으며, 이 집단이 훗날 ‘우산국’으로 불리게 될 정치체로 성장했다는 시각으로 이어졌다. 또한 우산국이 본토의 다른 ‘국’들과 비슷한 사회 복합화의 과정을 통해 성장했을 것이라는 인식을 확산시켰다. 그러나 울릉도 토착 사회의 모습이나 그 성장기반에 대해서는 ‘섬’이라는 경제·사회·환경적 맥락을 고려하여 다시금 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 이러한 작업이 선행되어야지만 선사·고대 환동해 교류망 속에서의 울릉도의 역할을 제대로 논의할 수가 있기 때문이다. 따라서 본고에서는 우선 유물의 실견, 전문가 자문, 기존 해석의 재검토 등의 방법을 통해 소위 울릉도의 ‘선사시대’ 고고학 자료에 대해 검토하였다. 그 결과 확실한 신석기시대 유물인 어망추는 존재하나, 그동안 청동기시대 유물로 간주된 홍도는 선사시대로 비정할 수 없음을 확인하였다. 또한 청동기시대 자료로 널리 알려진 무문토기, 갈판과 갈돌, 고인돌 역시 청동기시대로 비정할 확실한 증거가 없음을 밝혀냈다. 울릉도의 고고학 자료에 대한 이와 같은 실증적 검토결과를 바탕으로 본고에서는 이사부 정벌 이전부터 울릉도에 거주했던 집단의 실체에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 신석기시대에는 식량 획득 장소로서 울릉도에 대한 계절적 점유가 이루어졌으나, 청동기시대 개시 이후에는 생계전략의 변화로 인해 한동안 울릉도에 사람이 지속적･집중적으로 거주하지 않았음을 추정하였다. 또한 그 이후 어느 시점부터 환동해 서쪽 해역에서 해상 네트워크의 작동이 심화되면서 울릉도의 중요성이 부각되었고, 이러한 새로운 기회에 힘입어 해상 활동으로 권력의 기반을 확보한 집단이 울릉도를 지속적으로 점유하여 훗날 우산국으로 성장했을 가능성을 제시하였다. 이렇듯 토착 사회를 집약적 농경이 아닌 해양 자원이나 해양 교역을 기반으로 성장한 사회로 바라봄으로써 선사･고대 환동해 교류망에서의 울릉도의 역할에 대해 새롭게 접근해 볼 수 있었다. 특히, 울릉도가 지표로써, 연안항법으로 항해할 수 있는 바다 범위를 동해의 중심부로까지 확대시키는 역할을 수행했을 가능성을 추론하였다. 

Ilhong Ko

Papers

A phenomenology of landscape A crisis in British landscape archaeology

Towards a Diversification of Research on Burials: Application of Network Visualization and the Concept of ‘Assemblage’

‘Benefit Maximizing Routes’: Development and Evaluation Using the Historical Roads of Korea’s Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910)

Reconsideration of the Role of Ulleung Island in the Prehistoric and Ancient East Sea Rim Interaction Network