世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

25. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. By D. B. Rubin. ISBN 0 471 08705 X. Wiley, Chichester, 1987. 258 pp. £30.25.

Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys

Far from sweeping the globe uniformly, the 'third wave of democratization' left burgeoning republics and resilient dictatorships in its wake. Applying more than a year of original fieldwork in Egypt, Iran, Malaysia, and the Philippines, in this book Jason Brownlee shows that the mixed record of recent democratization is best deciphered through a historical and institutional approach to authoritarian rule. Exposing the internal organizations that structure elite conflict, Brownlee demonstrates why the critical soft-liners needed for democratic transitions have been dormant in Egypt and Malaysia but outspoken in Iran and the Philippines. By establishing how ruling parties originated and why they impede change, Brownlee illuminates the problem of contemporary authoritarianism and informs the promotion of durable democracy.

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Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization

Much of the current debate on reforming the international financial architecture is aimed at reducing the risks of contagion best defined as a significant increase in cross market linkages after a shock to an individual country (or group of countries). This definition highlights the importance of other links through which shocks are normally transmitted including trade and finance. During times of crisis, the ways in which shocks are transmitted do seem to differ, and these differences appear to be important. Empirical work has helped to identify the types of links and other macroeconomic conditions that can make a country vulnerable to contagion during crisis considerations periods, although less is known about the importance of microeconomic and institutional factors in propagating shocks. Empirical research has helped to identify those countries that are at risk of contagion as well as some, albeit quite general, policy interventions that can reduce risks.

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Contagion: Understanding How It Spreads

We define a country's technology as a triple of efficiencies: one for unskilled labor, one for skilled labor, and one for capital. We find a negative cross-country correlation between the efficiency of unskilled labor and the efficiencies of skilled labor and capital. We interpret this finding as evidence of the existence of a World Technology Frontier. On this frontier, increases in the efficiency of unskilled labor are obtained at the cost of declines in the efficiency of skilled labor and capital. We estimate a model in which firms in each country optimally choose from a menu of technologies, i.e. they choose their technology subject to a Technology Frontier. The optimal choice of technology depends on the country's endowment of skilled and unskilled labor, so that the model is one of appropriate technology. The estimation allows for country-specific technology frontiers, due to barriers to technology adoption. We find that poor countries tend disproportionately to be inside the World Technology Frontier.

The World Technology Frontier

Chapter 1 Introduction and Framework of the Study Chapter 2 Economic Growth and Structural Change Chapter 3 Political Regimes Chapter 4 The Impact of Demographic Change Chapter 5 Human Capital: Health, Education, and Labor Markets Chapter 6 Water and Food Security Chapter 7 Rise and Fall of State-Led Development Chapter 8. Structural Adjustment and the Rise of Crony Capitalism Chapter 9 Political Economy of the Gulf Chapter 10 The Military Chapter 11 Solidarism and Its Enemies: Civil Society and Social Movements in the Middle East Chapter 12 Is Islam the Solution? Chapter 13 Regional and Global Economic Integration Chapter 14 Conclusion

A Political Economy of the Middle East

In this paper, the authors discuss the possibility that the North and South may have differing technological needs Just as the North would like to develop drugs against cancer and heart disease, and the South drugs against tropical disease, so the North's labor saving innovations are less useful in the South, where labor is cheap Southern patents might promote the development of technologies appropriate to the South that might not have been developed if there were no patents In this case, lower patent protection in the South would not benefit the South and increased patent protection in the South can hurt the North when the resources to go into RD free entry in the RD and gradations of patent protection The report concludes by reviewing the results of the analysis

Patents, Appropriate Technology, and North-South Trade

https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w2974/w2974.pdf

Patents, appropriate technology, and North-South trade

Authors assess the dynamics behind the high net resource transfers by donors and creditors to Sub-Saharan African countries. Analyzing the determinants of overall net transfers for a panel of 37 recipient countries in 1978-98, Authors find that country policies mattered little. Donors especially bilateral donors actually made greater transfers to countries with high debt, largely owed to multilateral creditors, when policies were 'bad'. Authors conclude that comprehensive debt relief has the potential, though not the certainty, to restore selectivity in support of good policies. That would make development assistance more effective going forward and increase public support in donor countries.

/pdf/policy-selectivity-forgone-debt-and-donor-behavior-in-africa-2dqzdznmm8.pdf

Ishac Diwan

Papers

A Political Economy of the Middle East

Patents, Appropriate Technology, and North-South Trade

Patents, appropriate technology, and North-South trade

Policy Selectivity Forgone: Debt and Donor Behavior in Africa

External Debt, Adjustment, and Burden Sharing: A Unified Framework