Dynamic simulations of movement allow one to study neuromuscular coordination, analyze athletic performance, and estimate internal loading of the musculoskeletal system. Simulations can also be used to identify the sources of pathological movement and establish a scientific basis for treatment planning. We have developed a freely available, open-source software system (OpenSim) that lets users develop models of musculoskeletal structures and create dynamic simulations of a wide variety of movements. We are using this system to simulate the dynamics of individuals with pathological gait and to explore the biomechanical effects of treatments. OpenSim provides a platform on which the biomechanics community can build a library of simulations that can be exchanged, tested, analyzed, and improved through a multi-institutional collaboration. Developing software that enables a concerted effort from many investigators poses technical and sociological challenges. Meeting those challenges will accelerate the discovery of principles that govern movement control and improve treatments for individuals with movement pathologies.

/pdf/opensim-open-source-software-to-create-and-analyze-dynamic-363rij3wr7.pdf

OpenSim: Open-Source Software to Create and Analyze Dynamic Simulations of Movement

http://analisedemarcha.com/papers/historia/Position%20and%20orientation%20in%20space%20of%20bones%20during%20movement_2.pdf

Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: anatomical frame definition and determination.

http://bdml.stanford.edu/twiki/pub/Haptics/MotionDisplayKAUST/JBEMGDrivenModel.pdf

An EMG-driven musculoskeletal model to estimate muscle forces and knee joint moments in vivo.

Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiation during walking.

Biomechanical models of the musculoskeletal system are frequently used to study neuromuscular control and simulate surgical procedures. To be broadly applicable, a model must be accessible to users, provide accurate representations of muscles and joints, and capture important interactions between joints. We have developed a model of the upper extremity that includes 15 degrees of freedom representing the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, thumb, and index finger, and 50 muscle compartments crossing these joints. The kinematics of each joint and the force-generating parameters for each muscle were derived from experimental data. The model estimates the muscle-tendon lengths and moment arms for each of the muscles over a wide range of postures. Given a pattern of muscle activations, the model also estimates muscle forces and joint moments. The moment arms and maximum moment-generating capacity of each muscle group (e.g., elbow flexors) were compared to experimental data to assess the accuracy of the model. These comparisons showed that moment arms and joint moments estimated using the model captured important features of upper extremity geometry and mechanics. The model also revealed coupling between joints, such as increased passive finger flexion moment with wrist extension. The computer model is available to researchers at http://nmbl.stanford.edu.

/pdf/a-model-of-the-upper-extremity-for-simulating-tezm7lpe49.pdf

A model of the upper extremity for simulating musculoskeletal surgery and analyzing neuromuscular control

A model is developed of the human lower extremity to study how changes in musculoskeletal geometry and musculotendon parameters affect muscle force and its moment about the joints. The lines of action of 43 musculotendon actuators were defined based on their anatomical relationships to three-dimensional bone surface representations. A model for each actuator was formulated to compute its isometric force-length relation. The kinematics of the lower extremity were defined by modeling the hip, knee, ankle, subtalar, and metatarsophalangeal joints. Thus, the force and joint moment that each musculotendon actuator develops can be computed for any body position. The joint moments calculated with the model compare well with experimentally measured isometric joint moments. A graphical interface to the model has also been developed. It allows the user to visualize the musculoskeletal geometry and to manipulate the model parameters to study the biomechanical consequences of orthopaedic surgical procedures. For example, tendon transfer and lengthening procedures can be simulated by adjusting the model parameters according to various surgical techniques. Results of the simulated surgeries can be analyzed quickly in terms of postsurgery muscle forces and other biomechanical variables. >

An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures

Computer simulations provide a framework for exploring the biomechanics of movement. The authors have developed a software system that lets users create computer graphics simulations of human and animal movement. This software provides a platform on which the biomechanics community can build a library of simulations that can be exchanged, tested and improved through multi-institutional collaboration.

A computational framework for simulating and analyzing human and animal movement

The paper reviews a decade of work in applying virtual reality to medicine. Beginning with a brief history of simulations and surgery, we present a background to surgery simulators and then discuss the problem of limited human body models in past systems. We present our work at developing human body models beginning with the first virtual reality leg simulator in 1989. This model allowed simple tendon transfers and osteotomies with the computer able to predict the resulting mechanics and ability to walk. We also discuss the leg model's evolution into a performance machine which will allow a surgeon to predict position and subsequent function of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) repair. This is paralleled by Department of Defense work on a leg model that can have a simulated wound and predicts blood loss and its ability to function. We review computer aided surgery and virtual reality technologies. We then present our work in plastic surgery computer aided planning and predict the importance of this work for surgical training.

Virtual reality and medicine: from training systems to performance machines

The current methods of training medical personnel to provide combat casualty care have several important shortcomings One of these shortcomings is in limb trauma management, where live animals are used to gain experience treating war wounds We propose an alternative approach by creating a three-dimensional computer model of the human body that can be used within a virtual environment to learn trauma management techniques As a first step, we have developed a computer model that represents the anatomy and physiology of a normal and injured lower limb When visualized and manipulated in a virtual environment, this computer model will reduce the need for animals in the training of trauma management and potentially provide a superior training experience

J.P. Loan

Papers

An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures

A computational framework for simulating and analyzing human and animal movement

Virtual reality and medicine: from training systems to performance machines

Surgical simulation: an emerging technology for military medical training