World energy demand is expected to increase due to the expanding urbanization, better living standards and increasing population. At a time when society is becoming increasingly aware of the declining reserves of fossil fuels beside the environmental concerns, it has become apparent that biodiesel is destined to make a substantial contribution to the future energy demands of the domestic and industrial economies. There are different potential feedstocks for biodiesel production. Non-edible vegetable oils which are known as the second generation feedstocks can be considered as promising substitutions for traditional edible food crops for the production of biodiesel. The use of non-edible plant oils is very significant because of the tremendous demand for edible oils as food source. Moreover, edible oils’ feedstock costs are far expensive to be used as fuel. Therefore, production of biodiesel from non-edible oils is an effective way to overcome all the associated problems with edible oils. However, the potential of converting non-edible oil into biodiesel must be well examined. This is because physical and chemical properties of biodiesel produced from any feedstock must comply with the limits of ASTM and DIN EN specifications for biodiesel fuels. This paper introduces non-edible vegetable oils to be used as biodiesel feedstocks. Several aspects related to these feedstocks have been reviewed from various recent publications. These aspects include overview of non-edible oil resources, advantages of non-edible oils, problems in exploitation of non-edible oils, fatty acid composition profiles (FAC) of various non-edible oils, oil extraction techniques, technologies of biodiesel production from non-edible oils, biodiesel standards and characterization, properties and characteristic of non-edible biodiesel and engine performance and emission production. As a conclusion, it has been found that there is a huge chance to produce biodiesel from non-edible oil sources and therefore it can boost the future production of biodiesel.

Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production

Nanofluids—a simple product of the emerging world of nanotechnology—are suspensions of nanoparticles (nominally 1–100 nm in size) in conventional base fluids such as water, oils, or glycols. Nanofluids have seen enormous growth in popularity since they were proposed by Choi in 1995. In the year 2011 alone, there were nearly 700 research articles where the term nanofluid was used in the title, showing rapid growth from 2006 (175) and 2001 (10). The first decade of nanofluid research was primarily focused on measuring and modeling fundamental thermophysical properties of nanofluids (thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, heat transfer coefficient). Recent research, however, explores the performance of nanofluids in a wide variety of other applications. Analyzing the available body of research to date, this article presents recent trends and future possibilities for nanofluids research and suggests which applications will see the most significant improvement from employing nanofluids.

Small particles, big impacts: A review of the diverse applications of nanofluids

The effect of nano-additives in diesel-biodiesel fuel blends: A comprehensive review on stability, engine performance and emission characteristics

Combined effect of influence of nano additives, combustion chamber geometry and injection timing in a DI diesel engine fuelled with ternary (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) blends

An experimental investigation was conducted in a single cylinder constant speed diesel engine to establish the effects of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) with the Jatropha Methyl Esters (JME) emulsion fuel. The JME was produced from the Jatropha oil by transesterification process, and subsequently the JME emulsion fuel was prepared in the proportion of 93% of JME, 5% of water and 2% of surfactants (by volume) with a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of 10. The Carbon Nanotubes are blended with the JME emulsion fuel in the various dosages systematically. The whole investigation was conducted in the diesel engine using the following fuels: neat JME, neat JME emulsion fuel and CNT blended JME emulsion fuels accordingly. The experimental results revealed an appreciable enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency for the CNT blended JME emulsion fuels compared to that of neat JME and neat JME emulsion fuel. At the full load, the brake thermal efficiency for the JME fuel observed was 24.80%, whereas it was 26.34% and 28.45% for the JME2S5W and JME2S5W100CNT fuels respectively. Further, due to the combined effects of micro-explosion and secondary atomization phenomena associated with the CNT blended JME emulsion fuels, the level of harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases (such as NOx and smoke) was drastically reduced when compared to that of neat JME. At the full load, the magnitude of NOx and smoke opacity for the neat JME was 1282 ppm and 69%, whereas it was 910 ppm and 49% for the JME2S5W100CNT fuel respectively.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using Carbon Nanotubes blended Jatropha Methyl Ester Emulsions

In this present work, the investigations are carried out to study the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine using water–diesel emulsion fuel, and the alumina nanoparticles blended water–diesel emulsion fuels. The water–diesel emulsion fuel is prepared by the emulsification method in the proportion of 83% diesel, 15% water, and 2% surfactants by volume. The alumina nanoparticles are blended with the water–diesel emulsion fuel in the mass fractions of 25, 50, and 100 ppm systematically. The experiments are conducted at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and the results revealed a substantial enhancement in the performance and reduction in the harmful pollutants due to the incorporation of alumina nanoparticles in the water–diesel emulsion fuel. Furthermore, the hot-plate evaporation characteristics test asserted a considerable reduction in the evaporation time by adding the potential alumina nanoparticles to the water–diesel emulsion fuel.

An Experimental Study in a CI Engine Using Nanoadditive Blended Water–Diesel Emulsion Fuel

Biodiesel emulsions are considered as the propitious alternative fuels for diesel engines. The need of biodiesel emulsion fuels for the diesel engines is to curtail the dependency on the fossil fuels in context to the world energy oil crisis. Henceforth, the present study provides a tangible pathway to prepare and to ameliorate the biodiesel emulsion fuel on incorporating potential alumina nanoparticles. The biodiesel emulsion fuel is prepared by emulsification technique comprising of 83% of jatropha biodiesel, 15% of water, and 2% of surfactants (Span80 and Tween80) with the aid of a mechanical agitator. The prepared biodiesel emulsion fuel is mixed with the alumina nanoparticles in the mass fractions of say 25, 50, and 100 ppm with the help of an ultrasonicator. The whole investigation is carried out in a constant speed diesel engine in three phases using jatropha biodiesel, jatropha biodiesel emulsion fuel, and alumina nanoparticle blended jatropha biodiesel emulsion fuels. The experimental results rev...

Role of nanoadditive blended biodiesel emulsion fuel on the working characteristics of a diesel engine

The present study reports the results of Alumina and CNT (carbon nanotube) nanoparticles blended biodiesel fuel on the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine. The biodiesel is produced from the raw jatropha oil by standard transesterification process, and subsequently, the nanoparticles such as Alumina, CNT, and Alumina–CNT are blended with the biodiesel fuel in the mass fractions of 25 and 50 ppm with the aid of an ultrasonicator. The characterization studies of the nanoparticles such as TEM and XRD are carried out to analyze their morphology. The whole investigation is carried out in a constant speed diesel engine in four phases using neat biodiesel fuel, Alumina blended biodiesel, CNT blended biodiesel, and Alumina–CNT blended biodiesel fuels. The results revealed a considerable enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency and marginal reduction in the harmful emissions for the nanoparticles blended biodiesel fuels compared to those of neat biodiesel fuel. Furthermore, the hot-plate evaporation test confirmed a shorten ignition delay effect, and improved heat transfer rate associated with the nanoparticles blended biodiesel fuels, owing to their enhanced surface area/volume ratio, and heat conduction properties.

The influence of nano additive blended biodiesel fuels on the working characteristics of a diesel engine

An experimental investigation is carried out to establish the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using carbon nanotubes (CNT) blended water–diesel emulsion fuels. The investigation is carried out in three phases using an experimental set-up consisting of a single-cylinder diesel engine coupled with an electrical loading device, an AVL Di-gas analyser, an AVL smoke meter, and a data-acquisition system comprising a Kistler piezoelectric pressure transducer and a crank angle encoder: using neat diesel in the first phase, water–diesel emulsion fuel in the second phase, and CNT blended water–diesel emulsion fuels in the third phase. The water–diesel emulsion fuel is prepared in the proportion of 5 per cent water, 93 per cent diesel, and 2 per cent surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 80) by volume with a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of 8. The CNT are blended with the water–diesel emulsion fuel in the mass fractions of 25 and 50 ppm with the aid of a mechanical homogenizer and ...

J. Sadhik Basha

Papers

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using Carbon Nanotubes blended Jatropha Methyl Ester Emulsions

An Experimental Study in a CI Engine Using Nanoadditive Blended Water–Diesel Emulsion Fuel

Role of nanoadditive blended biodiesel emulsion fuel on the working characteristics of a diesel engine

The influence of nano additive blended biodiesel fuels on the working characteristics of a diesel engine

An experimental investigation in a diesel engine using carbon nanotubes blended water–diesel emulsion fuel