Data Mining - Concepts and Techniques.

The dentate granule cell layer of the rodent hippocampal formation has the distinctive property of ongoing neurogenesis that continues throughout adult life. In both human temporal lobe epilepsy and rodent models of limbic epilepsy, this same neuronal population undergoes extensive remodeling, including reorganization of mossy fibers, dispersion of the granule cell layer, and the appearance of granule cells in ectopic locations within the dentate gyrus. The mechanistic basis of these abnormalities, as well as their potential relationship to dentate granule cell neurogenesis, is unknown. We used a systemic chemoconvulsant model of temporal lobe epilepsy and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling to investigate the effects of prolonged seizures on dentate granule cell neurogenesis in adult rats, and to examine the contribution of newly differentiated dentate granule cells to the network changes seen in this model. Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus caused a dramatic and prolonged increase in cell proliferation in the dentate subgranular proliferative zone (SGZ), an area known to contain neuronal precursor cells. Colocalization of BrdU-immunolabeled cells with the neuron-specific markers turned on after division, 64 kDa, class III β-tubulin, or microtubule-associated protein-2 showed that the vast majority of these mitotically active cells differentiated into neurons in the granule cell layer. Newly generated dentate granule cells also appeared in ectopic locations in the hilus and inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Furthermore, developing granule cells projected axons aberrantly to both the CA3 pyramidal cell region and the dentate inner molecular layer. Induction of hippocampal seizure activity by perforant path stimulation resulted in an increase in SGZ mitotic activity similar to that seen with pilocarpine administration. These observations indicate that prolonged seizure discharges stimulate dentate granule cell neurogenesis, and that hippocampal network plasticity associated with epileptogenesis may arise from aberrant connections formed by newly born dentate granule cells.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/17/10/3727.full.pdf

Dentate Granule Cell Neurogenesis Is Increased by Seizures and Contributes to Aberrant Network Reorganization in the Adult Rat Hippocampus

Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: rewiring the brain.

Big Data has emerged in the past few years as a new paradigm providing abundant data and opportunities to improve and/or enable research and decision-support applications with unprecedented value for digital earth applications including business, sciences and engineering. At the same time, Big Data presents challenges for digital earth to store, transport, process, mine and serve the data. Cloud computing provides fundamental support to address the challenges with shared computing resources including computing, storage, networking and analytical software; the application of these resources has fostered impressive Big Data advancements. This paper surveys the two frontiers – Big Data and cloud computing – and reviews the advantages and consequences of utilizing cloud computing to tackling Big Data in the digital earth and relevant science domains. From the aspects of a general introduction, sources, challenges, technology status and research opportunities, the following observations are offered: (i...

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2016.1239771

Big Data and cloud computing: innovation opportunities and challenges

https://www.cell.com/neuron/pdf/S0896-6273(00)81018-1.pdf

Deletion of the KV1.1 Potassium Channel Causes Epilepsy in Mice

Morphological and electrophysiological techniques were used to examine granule cells and their mossy fiber axons in nine surgically resected hippocampal specimens from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. Timm histochemistry showed mossy fiber sprouting into the inner molecular layer (IML) of the dentate in a subset of tissue samples. In slices from five tissue samples, stimulus-induced bursting activity could be induced with a low concentration (2.5 microM) of bicuculline; bursts were sensitive to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blocker, APV. There was a general correlation between such sprouting and experimentally induced hyperexcitability. Fourteen granule cells from five tissue samples were intracellularly stained [with lucifer yellow (LY) or neurobiotin]. Axons from a subset of these neurons showed axon collaterals reaching into the IML, but this axon projection pattern for single cells was not directly correlated with degree of mossy fiber sprouting shown grossly by Timm staining. Electron microscopic examination of intracellularly stained elements showed mossy fiber axon terminals making asymmetric synaptic contacts (including autapses on the granule cell dendrite) with dendritic shafts and spines in both apical and basal domains. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that mossy fiber sprouting provides a structural basis for recurrent excitation of granule cells, but does not provide direct support of the hypothesis that mossy fiber sprouting causes hyperexcitability. The data suggest that granule cell bursting activity is at least in part a function of compromised synaptic inhibition, since levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) blockade that are generally subthreshold for burst induction were epileptogenic in some tissue samples from human epileptic hippocampus.

Physiologic and Morphologic Characteristics of Granule Cell Circuitry in Human Epileptic Hippocampus

Purpose – The paper aims to focus on so‐called NoSQL databases in the context of cloud computing.Design/methodology/approach – Architectures and basic features of these databases are studied, particularly their horizontal scalability and concurrency model, that is mostly weaker than ACID transactions in relational SQL‐like database systems.Findings – Some characteristics like a data model and querying capabilities of NoSQL databases are discussed in more detail.Originality/value – The paper shows vary different data models and query possibilities in a common terminology enabling comparison and categorization of NoSQL databases.

NoSQL databases: a step to database scalability in web environment

The paper is focused on so called NoSQL databases. In context of cloud computing, architectures and basic features of these databases are studied, particularly their horizontal scalability and concurrency model, that is mostly weaker than ACID transactions in relational SQL-like database systems. Some characteristics like a data model and querying capabilities are discussed in more detail. The paper also contains an overview of some representatives of NoSQL databases.

http://www.cs.ucy.ac.cy/~gpallis/publications/journals/J5.pdf

A clustering-based prefetching scheme on a Web cache environment

It is well known that ontologies will become a key piece, as they allow making the semantics of semantic Web content explicit. In spite of the big advantages that the semantic Web promises, there are still several problems to solve. Those concerning ontologies include their availability, development, and evolution. In the area of information retrieval, the dimension of document vectors plays an important role. Firstly, with higher index dimensions the indexing structures suffer from the "curse of dimensionality" and their efficiency rapidly decreases. Secondly, we may not use exact words when looking for a document, thus we miss some relevant documents. LSI is a numerical method, which discovers latent semantics in documents by creating concepts from existing terms. In this paper we present a basic method of mapping LSI concepts on given ontology (Word-Net), used both for retrieval recall improvement and dimension reduction. We offer experimental results for this method on a subset of TREC collection, consisting of Los Angeles Times articles

/pdf/wordnet-ontology-based-model-for-web-retrieval-4ori73m9hc.pdf

Jaroslav Pokorny

Papers

Physiologic and Morphologic Characteristics of Granule Cell Circuitry in Human Epileptic Hippocampus

NoSQL databases: a step to database scalability in web environment

NoSQL databases: a step to database scalability in web environment

A clustering-based prefetching scheme on a Web cache environment

WordNet Ontology Based Model for Web Retrieval