Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes

http://staff.ulsu.ru/moliver/ref/polymers/pott11.pdf

Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites

Liming Dai,*,†,‡ Yuhua Xue,†,‡ Liangti Qu,* Hyun-Jung Choi, and Jong-Beom Baek* †Center of Advanced Science and Engineering for Carbon (Case4Carbon), Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Covalent Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 100 Banyeon, Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea

Metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction.

5. In Situ Polymerization 3907 5.1. General Polymerization 3907 5.2. Photopolymerization 3910 5.3. Surface-Initiated Polymerization 3912 5.4. Other Methods 3913 6. Colloidal Nanocomposites 3913 6.1. Sol-Gel Process 3914 6.2. In Situ Polymerization 3916 6.2.1. Emulsion Polymerization 3917 6.2.2. Emulsifier-Free Emulsion Polymerization 3919 6.2.3. Miniemulsion Polymerization 3920 6.2.4. Dispersion Polymerization 3921 6.2.5. Other Polymerization Methods 3923 6.2.6. Conducting Nanocomposites 3924 6.3. Self Assembly 3926 7. Other Preparative Methods 3926 8. Characterization and Properties 3928 8.1. Chemical Structure 3928 8.2. Microstructure and Morphology 3929 8.3. Mechanical Properties 3933 8.3.1. Tensile, Impact, and Flexural Properties 3933 8.3.2. Hardness 3936 8.3.3. Fracture Toughness 3937 8.3.4. Friction and Wear Properties 3937 8.4. Thermal Properties 3938 8.5. Flame-Retardant Properties 3941 8.6. Optical Properties 3942 8.7. Gas Transport Properties 3943 8.8. Rheological Properties 3945 8.9. Electrical Properties 3945 8.10. Other Characterization Techniques 3946 9. Applications 3947 9.1. Coatings 3947 9.2. Proton Exchange Membranes 3948 9.3. Pervaporation Membranes 3948 9.4. Encapsulation of Organic Light-Emitting Devices 3948

Polymer/Silica Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties, and Applications

https://tore.tuhh.de/bitstream/11420/394/1/Article_5._free.pdf

A review and analysis of electrical percolation in carbon nanotube polymer composites

Eight persons from five institutions in different countries carried out polymerizations of aniline following the same preparation protocol. In a "standard" procedure, aniline hydrochloride was oxidized with ammonium peroxydisulfate in aqueous medium at ambient temperature. The yield of polyaniline was higher than 90% in all cases. The electrical conductivity of polyaniline hydrochloride thus prepared was 4.4 1.7 S cm(-1) (average of 59 samples), measured at room temperature. A product with defined electrical properties could be obtained in various laboratories by following the same synthetic procedure. The influence of reduced reaction temperature and increased acidity of the polymerization medium on polyaniline conductivity were also addressed. The conductivity changes occurring during the storage of polyaniline were monitored. The density of polyaniline hydrochloride was 1.329 g cm(-3). The average conductivity of corresponding polyaniline bases was 1.4 x 10(-8) S cm(-1), the density being 1.245 cm(-3). Additional changes in the conductivity take place during storage. Aging is more pronounced in powders than in compressed samples. As far as aging effects are concerned, their assessment is relative. The observed reduction in the conductivity by similar to10% after more than one-year storage is large but, compared with the low conductivity of corresponding polyaniline (PANI) base, such a change is negligible. For most applications, an acceptable level of conductivity may be maintained throughout the expected lifetime.

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:110090/UQ110090_OA.pdf

POLYANILINE. PREPARATION OF A CONDUCTING POLYMER (IUPAC Technical Report)

Polyaniline nanostructures and the role of aniline oligomers in their formation

Synthesis and structural study of polypyrroles prepared in the presence of surfactants

Polyaniline (PANI), a conducting polymer, was prepared by the oxidation of ani- line with ammonium peroxydisulfate in various aqueous media When the polymerization was carried out in the solution of strong (sulfuric) acid, a granular morphology of PANI was obtained In the solutions of weak (acetic or succinic) acids or in water, PANI nanotubes were produced The oxidation of aniline under alkaline conditions yielded aniline oligomers Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the oxidation products differ A group of par- ticipants from 11 institutions in different countries recorded the FTIR spectra of PANI bases prepared from the samples obtained in the solutions of strong and weak acids and in alkaline medium within the framework of an IUPAC project The aim of the project was to identify the differences in molecular structure of PANI and aniline oligomers and to relate them to supramolecular morphology, viz the nanotube formation The assignment of FTIR bands of aniline oxidation products is reported

https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2011.83.issue-10/pac-rep-10-02-01/pac-rep-10-02-01.xml

Polyaniline: The infrared spectroscopy of conducting polymer nanotubes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Polyaniline is one of the most important conducting and responsive polymers. A molecular mechanism for the oxidation of aniline is proposed. This mechanism explains the specific features of aniline oligomerization and polymerization in various acidity ranges. The formation of polyaniline precipitates, colloids and thin films is reviewed and discussed on the basis of the chemistry of aniline oxidation. The generation of nanostructures, i.e. granules, nanotubes, nanowires and microspheres, is also considered. Oligomers containing phenazine constitutional units play an important role in self-assembly to form templates. Polyaniline chains then grow from these templates and produce the various individual morphologies. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Jaroslav Stejskal

Papers

POLYANILINE. PREPARATION OF A CONDUCTING POLYMER (IUPAC Technical Report)

Polyaniline nanostructures and the role of aniline oligomers in their formation

Synthesis and structural study of polypyrroles prepared in the presence of surfactants

Polyaniline: The infrared spectroscopy of conducting polymer nanotubes (IUPAC Technical Report)

The mechanism of the oxidative polymerization of aniline and the formation of supramolecular polyaniline structures