Basics Introduction The problem of missing data Concepts of MCAR, MAR and MNAR Simple solutions that do not (always) work Multiple imputation in a nutshell Goal of the book What the book does not cover Structure of the book Exercises Multiple imputation Historic overview Incomplete data concepts Why and when multiple imputation works Statistical intervals and tests Evaluation criteria When to use multiple imputation How many imputations? Exercises Univariate missing data How to generate multiple imputations Imputation under the normal linear normal Imputation under non-normal distributions Predictive mean matching Categorical data Other data types Classification and regression trees Multilevel data Non-ignorable methods Exercises Multivariate missing data Missing data pattern Issues in multivariate imputation Monotone data imputation Joint Modeling Fully Conditional Specification FCS and JM Conclusion Exercises Imputation in practice Overview of modeling choices Ignorable or non-ignorable? Model form and predictors Derived variables Algorithmic options Diagnostics Conclusion Exercises Analysis of imputed data What to do with the imputed data? Parameter pooling Statistical tests for multiple imputation Stepwise model selection Conclusion Exercises Case studies Measurement issues Too many columns Sensitivity analysis Correct prevalence estimates from self-reported data Enhancing comparability Exercises Selection issues Correcting for selective drop-out Correcting for non-response Exercises Longitudinal data Long and wide format SE Fireworks Disaster Study Time raster imputation Conclusion Exercises Extensions Conclusion Some dangers, some do's and some don'ts Reporting Other applications Future developments Exercises Appendices: Software R S-Plus Stata SAS SPSS Other software References Author Index Subject Index

Flexible Imputation of Missing Data

Exposure to multiple traumas, particularly in childhood, has been proposed to result in a complex of symptoms that includes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as a constrained, but variable group of symptoms that highlight self-regulatory disturbances. The relationship between accumulated exposure to different types of traumatic events and total number of different types of symptoms (symptom complexity) was assessed in an adult clinical sample (N = 582) and a child clinical sample (N = 152). Childhood cumulative trauma but not adulthood trauma predicted increasing symptom complexity in adults. Cumulative trauma predicted increasing symptom complexity in the child sample. Results suggest that Complex PTSD symptoms occur in both adult and child samples in a principled, rule-governed way and that childhood experiences significantly influenced adult symptoms.

A developmental approach to complex PTSD: childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity.

New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis

A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents

Two case studies are presented to demonstrate that children who experience trauma-related nightmares may benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapy for this sleep problem. The treatment was adapted from the empirically supported adult treatment for chronic trauma-related night- mares: exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy (ERRT). Pretreatment and posttreatment nightmare frequency and severity were measured in addition to subjective nightmare-related distress, behavioral problems, sleep quality and quantity, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. Improvement in nightmare and sleep disturbance fre- quencies were found as well as reductions in parents' reports of child behavior problems. This study provides preliminary support for the use of ERRT with children.

A Case Series: Cognitive- Behavioral Treatment (Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy) of Trauma-Related Nightmares Experienced by Children

Over the past decade, the University of California at Los Angeles Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index has been one of the most widely used instruments for the assessment of traumatized children and adolescents. This paper reviews its development and modifications that have been made as the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder have evolved. The paper also provides a description of standard methods of administration, procedures for scoring, and psychometric properties. The Reaction Index has been extensively used across a variety of trauma types, age ranges, settings, and cultures. It has been broadly used across the US and around the world after major disasters and catastrophic violence as an integral component of public mental health response and recovery programs. The Reaction Index forms part of a battery that can be efficiently used to conduct needs assessment, surveillance, screening, clinical evaluation, and treatment outcome evaluation after mass casualty events.

Kelly B. Decker

Papers

The University of California at Los Angeles Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index.

UCLA Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index