How has Japan become a major economic power, a world leader in the automotive and electronics industries? What is the secret of their success? The consensus has been that, though the Japanese are not particularly innovative, they are exceptionally skilful at imitation, at improving products that already exist. But now two leading Japanese business experts, Ikujiro Nonaka and Hiro Takeuchi, turn this conventional wisdom on its head: Japanese firms are successful, they contend, precisely because they are innovative, because they create new knowledge and use it to produce successful products and technologies. Examining case studies drawn from such firms as Honda, Canon, Matsushita, NEC, 3M, GE, and the U.S. Marines, this book reveals how Japanese companies translate tacit to explicit knowledge and use it to produce new processes, products, and services.

The knowledge-creating company : how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation

"Grid" computing has emerged as an important new field, distinguished from conventional distributed computing by its focus on large-scale resource sharing, innovative applications, and, in some cases, high performance orientation. In this article, the authors define this new field. First, they review the "Grid problem," which is defined as flexible, secure, coordinated resource sharing among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions, and resources--what is referred to as virtual organizations. In such settings, unique authentication, authorization, resource access, resource discovery, and other challenges are encountered. It is this class of problem that is addressed by Grid technologies. Next, the authors present an extensible and open Grid architecture, in which protocols, services, application programming interfaces, and software development kits are categorized according to their roles in enabling resource sharing. The authors describe requirements that they believe any such mechanisms must satisfy and discuss the importance of defining a compact set of intergrid protocols to enable interoperability among different Grid systems. Finally, the authors discuss how Grid technologies relate to other contemporary technologies, including enterprise integration, application service provider, storage service provider, and peer-to-peer computing. They maintain that Grid concepts and technologies complement and have much to contribute to these other approaches.

The Anatomy of the Grid: Enabling Scalable Virtual Organizations

物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

Emotion and Adaptation

"Grid" computing has emerged as an important new field, distinguished from conventional distributed computing by its focus on large-scale resource sharing, innovative applications, and, in some cases, high-performance orientation. In this article, we define this new field. First, we review the "Grid problem," which we define as flexible, secure, coordinated resource sharing among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions, and resources-what we refer to as virtual organizations. In such settings, we encounter unique authentication, authorization, resource access, resource discovery, and other challenges. It is this class of problem that is addressed by Grid technologies. Next, we present an extensible and open Grid architecture, in which protocols, services, application programming interfaces, and software development kits are categorized according to their roles in enabling resource sharing. We describe requirements that we believe any such mechanisms must satisfy, and we discuss the central role played by the intergrid protocols that enable interoperability among different Grid systems. Finally, we discuss how Grid technologies relate to other contemporary technologies, including enterprise integration, application service provider, storage service provider, and peer-to-peer computing. We maintain that Grid concepts and technologies complement and have much to contribute to these other approaches.

The Anatomy of the Grid - Enabling Scalable Virtual Organizations

Collaborative networks manifest in a large variety of forms, including virtual organizations, virtual enterprises, dynamic supply chains, professional virtual communities, collaborative virtual laboratories, etc. A large body of empiric knowledge related to collaborative networks is already available, but there is an urgent need to consolidate this knowledge and build the foundations for a more sustainable development of this area. The establishment of a scientific discipline for collaborative networks is a strong instrument in achieving this purpose. In this article the main characteristics of a “discipline” are analyzed in the context of collaborative networks, showing that the pre-conditions necessary for building this new discipline are available.

Collaborative networks: A new scientific discipline

Collaborative networked organizations - Concepts and practice in manufacturing enterprises

Elements of a base VE infrastructure

Overview.- Motivation for a theoretical foundation for collaborative networks.- Related work on reference modeling for collaborative networks.- Towards a CN reference model.- Overview.- Reference modeling: Needs and basic terminology.- Collaboration forms.- The ARCON modeling framework.- ARCON reference models for collaborative networks.- A comprehensive semantic indexing schema for ARCON.- Further steps on CN reference modeling.- Modeling Tools And Approaches.- Overview.- A survey of modeling methods and tools.- A survey of soft modeling approaches for collaborative networks.- Modeling examples.- Overview.- A multi-model approach to analyze inter-organizational trust in VBEs.- Networked partner selection with robust portfolio modeling.- Modeling collaboration preparedness assessment.- A benefit analysis model for collaborative networks.- An approach in value systems modeling.- Selection of a virtual organization coordinator.- Modeling the value of expectations in collaborative networked organizations.- Prospective performance measurement in virtual organizations.- Erratum.

Collaborative Networks: Reference Modeling

Effective creation of dynamic virtual organizations requires a proper breeding environment to increase organizations’ preparedness. After introducing some basic concepts related to collaborative networked organizations, the concept of breeding environment for virtual organizations is discussed and the key elements and requirements for its support management system are presented. The initial modeling needs and the required functionality are identified. Finally some important open challenges are addressed.

/pdf/a-framework-for-management-of-virtual-organization-breeding-3i4yv89rjp.pdf

Luis M. Camarinha-Matos

Papers

Collaborative networks: A new scientific discipline

Collaborative networked organizations - Concepts and practice in manufacturing enterprises

Elements of a base VE infrastructure

Collaborative Networks: Reference Modeling

A Framework for Management of Virtual Organization Breeding Environments