This article summarizes the experi- mental knowledge on efficacy, possible modes of action, and aspects of application of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry Phytogenic feed additives comprise a wide variety of herbs, spices, and products derived thereof, and are mainly essential oils The assumption that phytogenic compounds might im- provethe palatabilityof feedhas notyetbeen confirmed by choice-feeding studies Although numerous studies have demonstrated antioxidative and antimicrobial ef- ficacy in vitro, respective experimental in vivo evidence is still quite limited The same applies to the supposi- tion that phytogenic compounds may specifically en- hance activities of digestive enzymes and nutrient ab- sorption Nevertheless, a limited number of experimen- tal comparisons of phytogenic feed additives with antibiotics and organic acids have suggested similar

Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry.

Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals

Essential oils in poultry nutrition: Main effects and modes of action

1. The effect of the dietary inclusion of 5 culinary herbs or their essential oils on the growth, digestibility and intestinal microflora status in female broiler chicks was assessed. From 7 to 28 d of age, either a basal control diet without supplement was given or one of 10 others, consisting of the basal diet with either 10 g/kg herb (thyme, oregano, marjoram, rosemary or yarrow) or 1 g/kg of essential oil. 2. Body mass (BM) and feed consumption (AFC) were measured on a weekly basis and used to calculate chick performance. Total viable counts of lactic acid bacteria, coliforms, anaerobes and Clostridium perfringens were determined at 25 d. Apparent nutrient digestibilities were calculated from the measured values for gross energy, nitrogen (N), dry matter (DM) and organic matter, and sialic acid concentration was also measured. 3. Generally, dietary thyme oil or yarrow herb inclusion had the most positive effects on chick performance, while oregano herb and yarrow oil were the poorest supplements. Only...

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The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age.

The paper provides an updated review on thermal conversion of biomass for the production of liquid products referred as bio-oil. This technology is described focusing on the characterization of feedstock, reactor design, products formation and upgrading. For feedstock characterization is covered in terms of several pretreatment methods. The reactor designs are illustrated number of design ranging from fixed bed to circulating fluidized bed. The properties of bio-oil composition have caused increasingly extensive research to be undertaken to address properties that need modification and this area is reviewed in terms of physical, catalytic and chemical upgrading. The mechanism of the products formation is also illustrated by several chemical routes. Reactor parameters such as heating rate, temperature of pyrolysis, catalysts etc are reviewed.

A review on bio-oil production from biomass by using pyrolysis method

Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size

The effect of formic acid and 2 plant extracts on performance traits, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broilers was studied in a 49-d experiment. There were 6 treatments: a negative control diet without additives (control); 10 ppm of avilamycin; 5,000 of formic acid; 10,000 ppm of formic acid; 200 ppm of plant extract based on a blend of oregano, cinnamon, and pepper essential oil; and 5,000 ppm of hydroalcoholic plant extract from sage, thyme, and rosemary leaves. A total of 312 Ross chicks were distributed into 24 groups of 13 in each, comprising 4 replicates per treatment. The performance data revealed significantly better FCR in all the supplemented diets except for the 5,000 ppm of hydroalcoholic plant extract diet. All additives improved AID of nutrients. Both acidifier inclusion levels improved villus height, and the group fed the 10,000 ppm of formic acid diet also had the greatest crypt depth; however, villus surface area was not influenced. Meat yield was not affected. It was concluded that the diets with 5,000 and 10,000 ppm of formic acid, and with 200 ppm of plant extract based on a blend of oregano, cinnamon, and pepper essential oils were similar to avilamycin and were beneficial for improving growth traits and nutrient AID. Furthermore, a positive effect of formic acid on intestine mucosa was observed. This experiment involved a small sample, so the additives that showed beneficial effects should be further studied in commercial farms.

Effect of Formic Acid and Plant Extracts on Growth, Nutrient Digestibility, Intestine Mucosa Morphology, and Meat Yield of Broilers

1. The effect of dietary formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology and plasma metabolite levels of broiler chickens was studied. 2. An experiment with 120 Ross male broiler chickens was conducted from 1 to 42 d of age at the laboratory. There were 4 treatment groups: control (C), 10 mg/kg feed avilamycin (AV) and formic acid at two concentrations, 5 and 10 g/kg feed (FA5 and FA10, respectively). 3. No differences in weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion ratio were observed in male broiler chickens fed on the different diets. 4. An effect of the additives on ileal dry matter (DM) digestibility at 42 d of age was detected with the finisher diets; AV and 10 g/kg of feed formic acid slightly improved ileal DM digestibility compared to the other treatment groups. 5. Jejunum pH was not affected when 5 or 10 g/kg formic acid was added, and the results do not clearly show a positive effect of formic acid on the intestinal histomorphology. 6. No differences were noticed for blood metabolites in the different diets, and the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the plasma were not altered by formic acid addition. 7. In conclusion, when using broiler chickens under conditions of good hygiene, dietary formic acid did not have a clear positive effect on performance, intestinal histomorphology or plasma metabolite levels; however, there was a slight positive effect on the ileal digestibility of nutrients.

Effect of formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology and plasma metabolite levels of broiler chickens

Effect of low-protein diets and single sex on production performance, plasma metabolites, digestibility, and nitrogen excretion in 1- to 48-day-old broilers

Evaluation of the phytosanitary, fermentative and nutritive characteristics of the silage made from crude artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) by-product feeding for ruminants

M. D. Megías

Papers

Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size

Effect of Formic Acid and Plant Extracts on Growth, Nutrient Digestibility, Intestine Mucosa Morphology, and Meat Yield of Broilers

Effect of formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology and plasma metabolite levels of broiler chickens

Effect of low-protein diets and single sex on production performance, plasma metabolites, digestibility, and nitrogen excretion in 1- to 48-day-old broilers

Evaluation of the phytosanitary, fermentative and nutritive characteristics of the silage made from crude artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) by-product feeding for ruminants