M. M. Watkins

TL;DR: In this paper, the gravity models developed with this data are more than an order of magnitude better at the long and mid wavelengths than previous models and the error estimates indicate a 2-cm accuracy uniformly over the land and ocean regions, a consequence of the highly accurate, global and homogenous nature of the GRACE data.

TL;DR: The TOPEX/POSEIDON mission objective requires that the radial position of the spacecraft be determined with an accuracy better than 13 cm RMS (root mean square). This stringent requirement is an order of magnitude below the accuracy achieved for any altimeter mission prior to the definition of the TOPEX mission as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: The TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) pre-launch Joint Gravity Model-1 (JGM-1) and the post-launch JGM-2 Earth gravitational models have been developed to support precision orbit determination for T/P as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: The Gravity Recovery and Climate Mission (GRACE) has been so far the only satellite mission capable of monitoring mass variations in the Earth system and has made many breakthroughs in the understanding of Earth system dynamics as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: The GPS data for this experiment are processed to contribute to the recover long wavelength gravity field; remove errors due to long term on-board oscillator drift; and align K/Ka-band measurments between the two spacecraft to 0.1 ns as discussed by the authors.