Pathologic Basis of Diseaseby Stanley L. Robbins is really the fourth edition of hisPathology. Appropriate updating and addition enhance the otherwise identical format, sequence, writing, and illustrations. So many medical students have benefited from this source that it may be the best known general book in the field. I recommend it even more now. Like his former texts, this will be enjoyed for its readability. He clearly lays out a great deal of information. When he includes minutiae, the reasons are clear and one feels that all the material is pertinent. Robbins keeps the whole field in perspective—that is, he does not dwell so long or so heavily on pathologic anatomy or pathogenesis as to tempt the reader to overlook clinical presentation or prognosis. A great strength of the subject of pathology is that it bonds strongly with many other medical sciences and specialties and thus occupies the

Pathologic Basis of Disease

Detection and diagnosis of dental caries using a deep learning-based convolutional neural network algorithm.

Applications: A Review

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a bioactive endodontic cement (BEC) mainly comprised of calcium and silicate elements. The cement was introduced by Torabinejad in the 1990s and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to be used in the United States in 1997. A number of new BECs have also been introduced to the market, including BioAggregate, Biodentine, BioRoot RCS, calcium-enriched mixture cement, Endo-CPM, Endocem, EndoSequence, EndoBinder, EndoSeal MTA, iRoot, MicroMega MTA, MTA Bio, MTA Fillapex, MTA Plus, NeoMTA Plus, OrthoMTA, Quick-Set, RetroMTA, Tech Biosealer and TheraCal LC. It has been claimed that these materials have properties similar to those of MTA without its drawbacks. In this article, the chemical composition and the application of MTA and other BECs for vital pulp therapy (VPT), including indirect pulp cap, direct pulp cap, partial pulpotomy, pulpotomy and partial pulpectomy, have been reviewed and compared. Based on selected keywords, all papers regarding chemical composition and VPT applications of BECs had been reviewed. Most of the materials had calcium and silicate in their composition. Instead of referring to the cements based on their chemical compositions, we suggest the term 'bioactive endodontic cements (BECs)', which seems more appropriate for these materials because, in spite of differences in their chemical compositions, bioactivity is a common property for all of them. Numerous articles were found regarding use of BECs as VPT agents for indirect and direct pulp capping, partial pulpotomy and cervical pulpotomy. Most of these investigations used MTA for VPT. In most studies, newly introduced materials have been compared to MTA. Some of the BECs have shown promising results; however, the number of their studies compared to investigations on MTA is limited. Most studies had several methodological shortcomings. Future investigations with rigorous methods and materials are needed.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/iej.12841

Mineral trioxide aggregate and other bioactive endodontic cements: an updated overview – part I: vital pulp therapy

Oral & maxillofacial pathology

Background Radiography plays an important role in the detection of interproximal caries. Objectives The aim of the present study was to determine diagnostic accuracy of chargecoupled devices (CCD), Photo Stimulable Phosphor (PSP) and film radiography in detecting non-cavitated caries. Patients and methods Seventy-two non-cavitated approximal surfaces of extracted human posterior teeth were radiographed under standardized conditions using three intraoral modalities: CCD Dixi3 (Planmeca, Finland), PSP Digora PCT (Soredex, Finland),and E-speed film (Kodak, USA). Radiographs were interpreted by four observers and caries lesions were classified as sound (R0), restricted to enamel (R1), reaching the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) and the outer half of the dentin (R2) and the inner half of the dentin (R3). The teeth were subsequently sectioned for histological analysis which served as the gold standard for radiographic examination. Results Microscopic examinations showed that the distribution of caries were 63.9% sound, 18.1% enamel, 9.7% DEJ and outer half of the dentin and 8.3% into the inner half of the dentin. The sensitivity and specificity of film, CCD and PSP for the detection of enamel caries were 38% and 98%; 15% and 96 %; and 23% and 98%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of film, CCD and PSP for the detection of both dentin and enamel caries were 55% and 100%; 45% and 100% ; and 55% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions The results demonstrated that the diagnostic accuracy of digital images is similar to that of conventional film radiography in the detection of non-cavitated approximal caries.

/pdf/diagnostic-accuracy-of-digital-and-conventional-radiography-38rqshcmxt.pdf

Diagnostic accuracy of digital and conventional radiography in the detection of non-cavitated approximal dental caries.

Background: Many evidences showed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins, has an important role in carcinogenesis. It has been observed in experimental models that selective COX-2 inhibitors suppress the formation of tumors including tongue carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) compared to normal oral mucosa and oral dysplasia. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 paraffined blocks (20 cases of OSCC, 20 cases of oral epithelial dysplasia and 20 cases of normal oral mucosa were included in this study and immunohistochemical staining was done for COX-2 expression. From each sample, 5 high power fields were assessed to determine the percentage of stained cells and staining intensity. Immunoreactivity was obtained by multiplying the above two cases. Data were analyzed with using the Kruskal-Wallis test ANOVA, Mann-Whitney test and least significant difference and P Results: High level of COX-2 expression was found in OSCC and dysplasia compared to normal mucosa. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between COX-2 expression and severity of dysplasia. However, no significant difference between low grade and high grade tumors was found. Conclusion: The result of the present study supports from the role of COX-2 in carcinogenesis and progression of premalignant lesion to malignancy.

Cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Background and aims. Oral lichen planus is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa with malig- nant potential, pathogenesis of which is not still well known. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species can play an impor- tant role in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. The aim of this study was to investigate salivary oxidative stress and an- tioxidant systems in patients with oral lichen planus. Materials and methods. In this case-control study, 30 patients with oral lichen planus (case group) and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects (control group), referring to Dental School of Babol University of Medical Sciences, were selected using simple sampling method. Unstimulated saliva of the two groups was collected. Salivary total antioxidant ca- pacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation products were investigated and compared, using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) methods, respectively. Data were analyzed using Student's t- test. Results. The mean and standard deviation of salivary TAC in patients with oral lichen planus (297.23 ± 149.72 μM) was significantly lower than that in the controls (791.43±183.95 μM; P < 0.0001), and mean and standard deviation of salivary malondialdehyde (MDA) (0.49 ± 0.30 μM) was remarkably higher in oral lichen planus patients compared to the control group (0.15 ± 0.11 μM) (P < 0.0001). TAC was also reduced in both groups in line with an increase in the level of MDA (P < 0.0001, r = −0.48). Conclusion. The results of this study suggested that an increase in oxidative stress and an imbalance in antioxidant de- fense system in the saliva of oral lichen planus patients may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus.

https://journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/JODDD/Manuscript/JODDD-8-35.pdf

Salivary total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planus

Desmoplastic ameloblastoma is an unusual type of ameloblastoma with special histologic and radiographic features and anatomic distribution which differs from those in the classic type of ameloblastoma. The purpose of this article is to assist the dental community in better understanding of this variation of odontogenic tumor. We present a patient with desmoplastic and conventional variant of ameloblastoma (hybrid lesion) localized in the anterior portion of the mandible. The tumor was expansile and painless. The radiographic finding showed an ill-defined mixed (radiopaque/radiolucent) lesion between roots of the lower left canine and the lateral incisor. Marginal resection was performed. Follow-up examination one year later revealed no recurrence of the tumor. Desmoplastic variant of ameloblastoma tends to infiltrate between bone trabeculae. Curettage leaves islands of the tumor within bone, which later manifest as recurrences. Therefore, for big lesions en bloc excision is the most widely used treatment to avoid recurrence.

Desmoplastic ameloblastoma (a hybrid variant): report of a case and review of the literature.

Various cell proliferation markers are used as diagnostic and prognostic tools in oral lesions. Simultaneous evaluation of these markers can increase the precision of estimation of the proliferative status of different tissues. In this study we investigated the expression of PCNA and Ki-67 as markers of cell proliferation in 15 paraffin embedded samples of each dental follicle, dentigerous cyst, unicystic ameloblastoma and ameloblastoma belonging to a total of 30 male and 30 female paients using immunohistochemistry method. Expression levels based on the intensity and the percentage of stained cells was separately analyzed for each marker with chi-square test, the results of which were significant for the two markers (P<0.05). The correlation coefficient between the two markers was found to be 0.88. A significant difference in the expression of Ki-67 and PCNA was observed in the four types of studied lesions.

/pdf/a-comparative-study-of-pcna-and-ki-67-expression-in-dental-3i1x47jz4q.pdf

Maryam Seyedmajidi

Papers

Diagnostic accuracy of digital and conventional radiography in the detection of non-cavitated approximal dental caries.

Cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Salivary total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in patients with erosive oral lichen planus

Desmoplastic ameloblastoma (a hybrid variant): report of a case and review of the literature.

A comparative study of PCNA and Ki-67 expression in dental follicle, dentigerous cyst, unicystic ameloblastoma and ameloblastoma