저작근 근전도에 관한 정상교합자와 ii급 부정교합자의 비교 연구

There is compelling evidence that more diverse ecosystems deliver greater benefits to people, and these ecosystem services have become a key argument for biodiversity conservation. However, it is unclear how much biodiversity is needed to deliver ecosystem services in a cost-effective way. Here we show that, while the contribution of wild bees to crop production is significant, service delivery is restricted to a limited subset of all known bee species. Across crops, years and biogeographical regions, crop-visiting wild bee communities are dominated by a small number of common species, and threatened species are rarely observed on crops. Dominant crop pollinators persist under agricultural expansion and many are easily enhanced by simple conservation measures, suggesting that cost-effective management strategies to promote crop pollination should target a different set of species than management strategies to promote threatened bees. Conserving the biological diversity of bees therefore requires more than just ecosystem-service-based arguments.

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Delivery of crop pollination services is an insufficient argument for wild pollinator conservation

Incomplete knowledge of biodiversity remains a stumbling block for conservation planning and even occurs within globally important Biodiversity Hotspots (BH). Although technical advances have boosted the power of molecular biodiversity assessments, the link between DNA sequences and species and the analytics to discriminate entities remain crucial. Here, we present an analysis of the first DNA barcode library for the freshwater fish fauna of the Mediterranean BH (526 spp.), with virtually complete species coverage (498 spp., 98% extant species). In order to build an identification system supporting conservation, we compared species determination by taxonomists to multiple clustering analyses of DNA barcodes for 3165 specimens. The congruence of barcode clusters with morphological determination was strongly dependent on the method of cluster delineation, but was highest with the general mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) model-based approach (83% of all species recovered as GMYC entity). Overall, genetic morphological discontinuities suggest the existence of up to 64 previously unrecognized candidate species. We found reduced identification accuracy when using the entire DNA-barcode database, compared with analyses on databases for individual river catchments. This scale effect has important implications for barcoding assessments and suggests that fairly simple identification pipelines provide sufficient resolution in local applications. We calculated Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered scores in order to identify candidate species for conservation priority and argue that the evolutionary content of barcode data can be used to detect priority species for future IUCN assessments. We show that large-scale barcoding inventories of complex biotas are feasible and contribute directly to the evaluation of conservation priorities.

http://bio.unipg.it/download/Pubblicazioni/Spatial%20Heterogeneity_2014.pdf

Spatial heterogeneity in the Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot affects barcoding accuracy of its freshwater fishes.

Bumble bees represent one of the most important groups of pollinators. In addition to their ecological and economic relevance , they are also a highly charismatic group which can help to increase the interest of people in realizing, enjoying and conserving natural systems. However, like most animals, bum-ble bees are sensitive to climate. In this atlas, maps depicting potential risks of climate change for bumble bees are shown together with informative summary statistics, ecological background information and a picture of each European species. Thanks to the EU FP7 project STEP, the authors gathered over one million bumblebee records from all over Europe. Based on these data, they modelled the current climatic niche for almost all European species (56 species) and projected future climatically suitable conditions using three climate change scenarios for the years 2050 and 2100. While under a moderate change scenario only 3 species are projected to be at the verge of extinction by 2100, 14 species are at high risk under an intermediate change scenario. Under a most severe change scenario as many as 25 species are projected to lose almost all of their climatically suitable area, while a total of 53 species (77% of the 69 European species) would lose the main part of their suitable area. Climatic risks for bumblebees can be extremely high, depending on the future development of human society, and the corresponding effects on the climate. Strong mitigation strategies are needed to preserve this important species group and to ensure the sustainable provision of pollination services, to which they considerably contribute. On the front cover: Bombus hyperboreus, an Arctic bumblebee species that is threatened by global warming

/pdf/climatic-risk-and-distribution-atlas-of-european-bumblebees-1iasom1x7k.pdf

Climatic Risk and Distribution Atlas of European Bumblebees

Bumblebee colour patterns can be highly variable within species, but are often closely similar among species. The present study takes a quantitative approach to survey bumblebee colour patterns in order to address some of the most basic questions concerning resemblances: (1) do colour-pattern groups exist; (2) are species within colour-pattern groups geographically clumped; and (3) are some colour-pattern groups associated with particular kinds of habitat? The results using data for 632 worker patterns from all of the world’s bumblebee species show that: (1) there are many repeating colour patterns, forming relatively few groups of species with similar patterns; (2) colour-pattern groups can be recognized using simple rules; and (3) species within the 24 largest colour-pattern groups are significantly aggregated in particular areas of the world. Three principal divisions of colour-pattern groups are associated with three likely functions: (1) the darkest bumblebees are associated primarily with the tropics, where a thermoregulatory function is suggested; (2) the palest bumblebees are associated with intermediate northern latitudes, where a cryptic function in drying grasslands is suggested; and (3) the intermediate, strongly banded bumblebees are widespread, although these patterns predominate where banding may have advantages as collective warning signals to predators (Mullerian mimicry). Further studies are needed to test these explanations. © The Natural History Museum, London. Journal compilation © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 97–118.

http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Williams2007BumblebeeColourPattern.pdf

The distribution of bumblebee colour patterns worldwide: possible significance for thermoregulation, crypsis, and warning mimicry

Bumblebees of the subgenus Bombus s. str. dominate (or used to dominate) many north temperate pollinator assemblages and include most of the commercial bumblebee pollinator species. Several species are now in serious decline, so conservationists need to know precisely which ones are involved. The problem is that many Bombus s. str. species are cryptic, so that species identification from morphology may be impossible for some individuals and is frequently misleading according to recent molecular studies. This is the first review of the entire subgenus to: (1) avoid fixed a priori assumptions concerning the limits of the problematic species; and (2) sample multiple sites from across the entire geographic ranges of all of the principal named taxa worldwide; and (3) fit an explicit model for how characters change within an evolutionary framework; and (4) apply explicit and consistent criteria within this evolutionary framework for recognising species. We analyse easily-obtained DNA (COI-barcode) data for 559 ...

/pdf/unveiling-cryptic-species-of-the-bumblebee-subgenus-bombus-s-480n18257m.pdf

Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus Bombus s. str. worldwide with COI barcodes (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Commercial greenhouse growers in both Japan and China are increasingly using reared orange-tailed bumblebees known previously as Bombus hypocrita Perez as pollinators. Phylogenetic analysis of the DNA (COI) barcodes with Bayesian methods shows that this "species" is a long-standing confusion of two cryptic species. We find that the orange-tailed bumblebees in North China are actually part of the widespread Russian (otherwise white-tailed) B. patagiatus Nylander (as B. patagiatus ganjsuensis Skorikov, n. comb.), whereas the orange-tailed bees in Japan are true B. hypocrita. This situation has been further complicated because two other cryptic species from North China that were previously confused with the Russian B. patagiatus are now recognised as separate: B. lantschouensis Vogt n. stat. and B. minshanensis Bischoff n. stat.. As demand for pollination services by greenhouse growers inevitably increases, these bees are more likely to be transported between countries. In order to conserve genetic resources of pollinator species for their option value for future food security, we advocate preventing trade and movement of B. patagiatus from China into Japan and of B. hypocrita from Japan into China.

http://www.sussex.ac.uk/lifesci/goulsonlab/documents/williams-et-al-2012-plosone.pdf

Cryptic Bumblebee Species: Consequences for Conservation and the Trade in Greenhouse Pollinators

Title The bumblebees of the Nepal Himalaya (Hymenoptera : Apidae) Author(s) Williams, Paul H.; Ito, Masao; Matsumura, Takeshi; Kudo, Iwao; Williams, Paul H.; Ito, Masao; Matsumura, Takeshi; Kudo, Iwao Citation Insecta matsumurana. New series : journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University, series entomology, 66: 115-151 Issue Date 2010-10 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/44628 Type bulletin (article) File Information 05.pdf

https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/44628/1/05.pdf

Masao Ito

Papers

Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus Bombus s. str. worldwide with COI barcodes (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Cryptic Bumblebee Species: Consequences for Conservation and the Trade in Greenhouse Pollinators

The bumblebees of the Nepal Himalaya (Hymenoptera : Apidae)

A Nest of the Himalayan Bumblebee Bombus (Festivobombus) festivus