In the present paper a research has been done on the essay ‘Can the Subaltern Speak’ by’ Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’. It has been explained into much simpler language about what the author conveys for better understanding and further references. Also the criticism has been done by various critiques from various sources which is helpful from examination point of view. The paper has been divided into various contexts with an introduction and the conclusions. Also the references has been written that depicts the sources of criticism.

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Can the Subaltern Speak

Cet article dessine une presentation programmatique du concept d’histoire croisee, de ses implications methodologiques et de ses possibilites d’application concrete. L’histoire croisee prolonge les debats et reflexions qui, au cours de ces dernieres annees, ont ete menes en sciences humaines et sociales autour des themes de la comparaison, des etudes de transfert, de la Connected ou de la Shared history. Elle invite a repenser les interactions entre societes ou cultures, entre disciplines et traditions savantes, plus generalement entre productions sociales et culturelles, en tenant compte a la fois des croisements empiriques qui se produisent au niveau des objets d’etude et des operations par lesquelles le chercheur lui-meme croise echelles, categories et perspectives pour construire son enquete. L’article montre d’abord en quoi cette approche se distingue des demarches purement comparatives et des etudes de transfert. Il developpe ensuite les principes d’une induction pragmatique et reflexive comme axe methodologique majeur de l’histoire croisee. Enfin, en insistant sur la necessite et les modalites d’une triple historicisation des objets, des categories d’analyse et des procedures de recherche, il ouvre la voie a une reagregation des elements de connaissance permettant de conjuguer des preoccupations d’ordre empirique et reflexif.

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Penser l'histoire croisée : entre empirie et réflexivité

The historical novel

Global history has come under attack. It is charged with neglecting national history and the ‘small spaces’ of the past, with being an elite globalist project made irrelevant by the anti-globalist politics of our age, with focusing exclusively on mobile people and things, and with becoming dangerously hegemonic. This article demonstrates that global history is, intertwined with a focus on the nation and the local, on individuals, outsiders, and subalterns, and on small and isolated places. Moreover, global history has directly addressed immobility and resistances to flow, and remains relatively weak in the discipline, versus the persistent dominance everywhere of national history. The article offers a new short history of the rise of the contemporary idiom of global history, and a prospect for a future in which scholars may find, through collaboration, alternatives to the European weights and measures of the past, and to the dominance of Anglophone historians. It argues that we should no more reverse the ‘global turn’ than we should return history’s gaze only to propertied white men. Rather than a retreat from global history, we need it more than ever to fight against myths of imperial and national pasts, which often underpin nationalist populisms.

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Discussion: The futures of global history

Entanglements in Legal History: Conceptual Approaches

Globalization can be interpreted as a dialectical process of de- and re-territorialization. The challenges to existing borders that limit economic, socio-cultural, and political activities, and the establishment of new borders as the result of such activities, bring about certain consolidated structures of spatiality, while at the same time societies develop regulatory regimes to use these structures for purposes of dominance and integration. Global history in our understanding investigates the historical roots of those global conditions that have led to modern globalization and should therefore focus on the historicity of regimes of territorialization and their permanent renegotiation over time. There is, at present, a massive insecurity about patterns of spatiality and appropriate regulatory mechanisms. This article begins with a sketch of this current uncertainty and of two further characteristics of contemporary globalization. The second part examines discussions in the field of global history with regard to processes of de- and re-territorialization. In the third part, we suggest three categories that can serve both as a research agenda and as a perspective according to which a history of globalization can be constructed and narrated.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1740022809990362

Global history and the spatial turn: from the impact of area studies to the study of critical junctures of globalization.

Der vorliegende Aufsatz beschaftigt sich mit der aus den 90er Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts datierenden Kontroverse zwischen Vertretern einer historischen Komparatistik einerseits und Anhangern der „transferts culturels“ andererseits. Sein hauptsachliches Anliegen ist eine bessere Herausarbeitung des historischen Kontextes dieser Kontroverse als auch ihrer Auswirkungen. Zu diesem Zweck wird in einem ersten Schritt an verschiedene, seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts vorgelegte Anlaufe zur Herausarbeitung der Idee einer Weltgeschichte erinnert. Daran anschliesend wird hervorgehoben, dass die Intensitat der genannten Kontroverse, insbesondere hinsichtlich ihrer deutschen Auspragung, nur verstandlich wird vor dem Hintergrund zweier entscheidender Aspekte: der besonderen historischen Situation am Beginn der 90er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts und der Diskussion um einen deutschen „Sonderweg“.

Historische Komparatistik und Kulturtransferforschung. Vom bilateralen Beispiel zu Beiträgen für eine globale Geschichte

Kulturtransfer und Historische Komparatistik

This article tests the hypothesis that Francophonia is a world region. It analyses whether Francophonia stands in fact for all territories with a significant number of Francophones and/or with historical ties to French culture or whether it is primarily a multilateral organisation with more than 50 member states in Europe, Africa, Asia and Northern America. At the same time the problems caused by these two overlapping definitions for research are highlighted. Then, a short overview of the history of relations between France and Francophone territories outside the hexagon since the eighteenth century is given in order to answer another crucial question: Does a common culture of remembrance with appertaining lieux de me´moire bring about a cultural territorialisation which then attributes a novel coherence to geographically incoherent Francopho nia? Compared with ‘classical’ world regions, which are in general equated with continents or other geographically coherent land masses, Francophonia appears as a fr...

Matthias Middell

Papers

Global history and the spatial turn: from the impact of area studies to the study of critical junctures of globalization.

Historische Komparatistik und Kulturtransferforschung. Vom bilateralen Beispiel zu Beiträgen für eine globale Geschichte

Kulturtransfer und Historische Komparatistik

Francophonia as a World Region

European History and Cultural Transfer