Background Up to date data on incidence, mortality, and case-fatality for stroke are important for setting the agenda for prevention and healthcare. Aims and/or hypothesis We aim to update the most current incidence and mortality data on stroke available by country, and to expand the scope to case-fatality and explore how registry data might be complementary. Methods Data were compiled using two approaches: (1) an updated literature review building from our previous review and (2) direct acquisition and analysis of stroke events in the World Health Organization (WHO) mortality database for each country providing these data. To assess new and/or updated data on incidence, we searched multiple databases to identify new original papers and review articles that met ideal criteria for stroke incidence studies and were published between 15 May 2013 and 31 May 2016. For data on case-fatality, we searched between 1980 and 31 May 2016. We further screened reference lists and citation history of papers to identify other studies not obtained from these sources. Mortality codes for ICD-8, ICD-9, and ICD-10 were extracted. Using population denominators provided for each country, we calculated both the crude mortality from stroke and mortality adjusted to the WHO world population. We used only the most recent year reported to the WHO for which both population and mortality data were available. Results Fifty-one countries had data on stroke incidence, some with data over many time periods, and some with data in more than one region. Since our last review, there were new incidence studies from 12 countries, with four meeting pre-determined quality criteria. In these four studies, the incidence of stroke, adjusted to the WHO World standard population, ranged from 76 per 100,000 population per year in Australia (2009-10) up to 119 per 100,000 population per year in New Zealand (2011-12), with the latter being in those aged at least 15 years. Only in Martinique (2011-12) was the incidence of stroke greater in women than men. In countries either lacking or with old data on stroke incidence, eight had national clinical registries of hospital based data. Of the 128 countries reporting mortality data to the WHO, crude mortality was greatest in Kazhakstan (in 2003), Bulgaria, and Greece. Crude mortality and crude incidence of stroke were both positively correlated with the proportion of the population aged ≥ 65 years, but not with time. Data on case-fatality were available in 42 studies in 22 countries, with large variations between regions. Conclusions In this updated review, we describe the current data on stroke incidence, case-fatality and mortality in different countries, and highlight the growing trend for national clinical registries to provide estimates in lieu of community-based incidence studies.

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Global Stroke Statistics

BackgroundData on stroke epidemiology and availability of hospital-based stroke services around the world are important for guiding policy decisions and healthcare planning.AimsTo provide the most ...

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Global Stroke Statistics 2019

Energy Expenditure and Cost During Walking After Stroke: A Systematic Review

After experiencing a stroke in the right hemisphere, almost 50% of patients showed Unilateral Spatial Neglect (USN). In recent decades, Virtual Reality (VR) has been used as an effective tool both for the assessment and rehabilitation of USN. Indeed, this advanced technology allows post-stroke patients to interact with ecological and engaging environments similar to real ones, but in a safe and controlled way. To provide an overview of the most recent VR applications for the assessment and rehabilitation of USN, a systematic review has been carried out. Since 2010, 13 studies have proposed and tested innovative VR tools for USN. After a wide description of the selected studies, we discuss the main features of these VR tools in order to provide crucial indications for future studies, neurorehabilitation interventions, and clinical practice.

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Assessment and rehabilitation of neglect using virtual reality: a systematic review.

The cold effect of ambient temperature on ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke hospital admissions: A large database study in Beijing, China between years 2013 and 2014-Utilizing a distributed lag non-linear analysis.

Background. Although the burden of stroke in terms of mortality and disability has been well documented in previous years, data after 2000 are limited. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to identify the epidemiology of stroke in the US and EU5 nations from data published in 2000 and later. Methods. Data from literature databases and online sources were collated to identify information relating to the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of stroke from the year 2000 onwards. Results and Conclusions. Twenty-three data sources were identified. The incidence of and mortality due to stroke both increase with age and are greater in males compared to females. Stroke is a common problem and likely to worsen in the US and EU5 as their populations age. However, pre-2000 trends of decreasing stroke mortality over time have continued after 2000, reflecting a consistent improvement in the treatment and care of patients with stroke.

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The Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of Stroke in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, and the US: A Literature Review

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Surgery is generally accepted as the first-line treatment in patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy as second-line treatments. Docetaxel or erlotinib are generally recommended as the first-line chemotherapy option. The objective of this review was to identify previously published economic evaluations in NSCLC for second- and later-line treatments in order to (i) determine common modelling approaches and (ii) establish the relative cost effectiveness of these treatments. An overview of model critique was also produced to identify common criticisms from health technology assessment (HTA) bodies on the models submitted. MEDLINE, Embase, EconLit, MEDLINE in Process® and NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHSEED) were searched (database start–October 2011), along with proceedings from eight major conferences (2007–2011). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) and Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) websites and the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) database were also searched for appraisals in second- or later-line NSCLC. All published studies and HTA appraisals that reported economic evaluations of interventions used in current clinical practice as second- or later-line treatment in patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC were included. Only studies in English were considered for inclusion. Studies which met the eligibility criteria after the screening of full-text articles were extracted by a reviewer and checked by a second party. Where multiple publications were identified describing a single study, the extracted data were compiled into one entry. A total of 29 studies were included which clearly evaluated second-line or later-line regimens. Most studies were either cost-effectiveness or cost-utility evaluations. Three-state transition Markov models were frequently used in cost-effectiveness and cost-utility evaluations. The model inputs were well reported and commonly consisted of data from pivotal trials. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in the majority of studies and covered variables such as cost, effectiveness, hospitalization and treatment duration. Therapies (docetaxel, pemetrexed and erlotinib) are for the most part cost-effective/cost-saving second-line therapies compared with best supportive care (BSC). Six erlotinib HTAs, across NICE, SMC, and PBAC, and four pemetrexed HTAs, one by NICE and three by SMC, were identified. The CADTH website did not provide sufficient detail on the appraisals and was excluded. Certain aspects of the models and model assumptions, e.g. efficacy inputs, were criticized or determined unjustifiable by the NICE, SMC and PBAC appraisal committees. Erlotinib and pemetrexed were considered to be cost effective versus docetaxel by NICE and SMC in the final submissions. PBAC considered erlotinib to be cost effective versus BSC following a price reduction in 2008. Three-state Markov models are often used to conduct economic analysis in NSCLC and are regarded as appropriate to HTA agencies. Docetaxel, erlotinib and BSC are suitable comparators that should be considered for use in the model in the UK and Australia. Further, manufacturers should carefully select underlying assumptions used in the model, for both costs and clinical inputs, where the latter is derived from direct head-to-head trial data.

A systematic review of economic evaluations in second and later lines of therapy for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

Objective:Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a serious condition which should be considered on the same spectrum as other conditions involving brain ischemia. Efficient management of these patients is therefore critical. The aim of this research was to gain insights into ‘real-world’ global trends of the current management approaches for patients with suspected and diagnosed TIA, and highlight the unmet need and areas of improvement to ensure effective management of this patient group.Research design and methods:Tele-interviews were conducted with 120 physicians and five operational managers across France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, and the US including stakeholders from primary care group practice, those with hospital responsibilities (ER physician and Neurologists), or from home health agencies. Information from the interviewees regarding the management of patients with TIA (including entrance into the clinical pathway, diagnosis, and treatment) were obtained and analyzed qualitatively.Results:T...

Management of patients with transient ischemic attack: insight from real-life clinical practice in Europe and the United States.

Objective: Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a serious condition which should be considered on the same spectrum as other conditions involving brain ischemia. Efficient management of these patients is therefore critical. The aim of this research was to gain insights into ‘real-world’ global trends of the current management approaches for patients with suspected and diagnosed TIA, and highlight the unmet need and areas of improvement to ensure effective management of this patient group. Research design and methods: Tele-interviews were conducted with 120 physicians and five operational managers across France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, and the US including stakeholders from primary care group practice, those with hospital responsibilities (ER physician and Neurologists), or from home health agencies. Information from the interviewees regarding the management of patients with TIA (including entrance into the clinical pathway, diagnosis, and treatment) were obtained and analyzed qualitatively. Results: The majority of patients with suspected TIA were reported to enter the clinical pathway via the GP or ER, irrespective of country. Once initially seen, the neurologist then plays a central role in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of the patients. Although a number of tests are routinely employed, interviewees reported that streamlining and simplification of diagnosis, faster initiation of treatment, improved efficacy and fewer side-effects with treatment were needed for patients with suspected TIA. The study is designed to provide a directional indication of the current situation rather than strong, quantitative conclusions, given limitations of the small sample size and subjective nature of the data.

Melanie Plested

Papers

The Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of Stroke in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, and the US: A Literature Review

A systematic review of economic evaluations in second and later lines of therapy for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

Management of patients with transient ischemic attack: insight from real-life clinical practice in Europe and the United States.

Original article Management of patients with transient ischemic attack: insight from real-life clinical practice in Europe and the United States