There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Data Mining Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology which tends to revolutionize and connect the global world via heterogeneous smart devices through seamless connectivity. The current demand for machine-type communications (MTC) has resulted in a variety of communication technologies with diverse service requirements to achieve the modern IoT vision. More recent cellular standards like long-term evolution (LTE) have been introduced for mobile devices but are not well suited for low-power and low data rate devices such as the IoT devices. To address this, there is a number of emerging IoT standards. Fifth generation (5G) mobile network, in particular, aims to address the limitations of previous cellular standards and be a potential key enabler for future IoT. In this paper, the state-of-the-art of the IoT application requirements along with their associated communication technologies are surveyed. In addition, the third generation partnership project cellular-based low-power wide area solutions to support and enable the new service requirements for Massive to Critical IoT use cases are discussed in detail, including extended coverage global system for mobile communications for the Internet of Things, enhanced machine-type communications, and narrowband-Internet of Things. Furthermore, 5G new radio enhancements for new service requirements and enabling technologies for the IoT are introduced. This paper presents a comprehensive review related to emerging and enabling technologies with main focus on 5G mobile networks that is envisaged to support the exponential traffic growth for enabling the IoT. The challenges and open research directions pertinent to the deployment of massive to critical IoT applications are also presented in coming up with an efficient context-aware congestion control mechanism.

A Survey on 5G Networks for the Internet of Things: Communication Technologies and Challenges

The past few years have witnessed increased interest in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in a wide range of applications and it has become a hot research area. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSNs can be divided into two categories: flat routing and hierarchical or clustering routing. Owing to a variety of advantages, clustering is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSNs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive and fine grained survey on clustering routing protocols proposed in the literature for WSNs. We outline the advantages and objectives of clustering for WSNs, and develop a novel taxonomy of WSN clustering routing methods based on complete and detailed clustering attributes. In particular, we systematically analyze a few prominent WSN clustering routing protocols and compare these different approaches according to our taxonomy and several significant metrics. Finally, we summarize and conclude the paper with some future directions.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/8/11113/pdf

A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Internet of Things (IoT): A review of enabling technologies, challenges, and open research issues

Anomaly-based intrusion detection system through feature selection analysis and building hybrid efficient model

This paper presents a new version of LEACH protocol called VLEACH which aims to reduce energy consumption within the wireless network. We evaluate both LEACH and V-LEACH through extensive simulations using OMNET++ simulator which shows that VLEACH performs better than LEACH protocol.

https://www.philadelphia.edu.jo/academics/halrefai/uploads/Improvement%20on%20LEACH%20Protocol%20of%20Wireless%20Sensor%20Network.pdf

Improvement on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network (VLEACH).

Nowadays, multimedia is considered to be the biggest big data as it dominates the traffic in the Internet and mobile phones. Currently symmetric encryption algorithms are used in IoT but when considering multimedia big data in IoT, symmetric encryption algorithms incur more computational cost. In this paper, we have designed and developed a resource-efficient encryption system for encrypting multimedia big data in IoT. The proposed system takes the advantages of the Feistel Encryption Scheme, an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and genetic algorithms. To satisfy high throughput, the GPU has also been used in the proposed system. This system is evaluated on real IoT medical multimedia data to benchmark the encryption algorithms such as MARS, RC6, 3-DES, DES, and Blowfish in terms of computational running time and throughput for both encryption and decryption processes as well as the avalanche effect. The results show that the proposed system has the lowest running time and highest throughput for both encryption and decryption processes and highest avalanche effect with compared to the existing encryption algorithms. To satisfy the security objective, the developed algorithm has better Avalanche Effect with compared to any of the other existing algorithms and hence can be incorporated in the process of encryption/decryption of any plain multimedia big data. Also, it has shown that the classical and modern ciphers have very less Avalanche Effect and hence cannot be used for encryption of confidential multimedia messages or confidential big data. The developed encryption algorithm has higher Avalanche Effect and for instance, AES in the proposed system has an Avalanche Effect of %52.50. Therefore, such system is able to secure the multimedia big data against real-time attacks.

A resource-efficient encryption algorithm for multimedia big data

Internet of Things (IoT) is based on a wireless network that connects a huge number of smart objects, products, smart devices, and people It has another name which is Web of Things (WoT) IoT uses standards and protocols that are proposed by different standardization organizations in message passing within session layer Most of the IoT applications protocols use TCP or UDP for transport XMPP, CoAP, DDS, MQTT, and AMQP are grouped of the widely used application protocols Each one of these protocols have specific functions and are used in specific way to handle some issues This paper provides an overview for one of the most popular application layer protocols that is MQTT, including its architecture, message format, MQTT scope, and Quality of Service (QoS) for the MQTT levels MQTT works mainly as a pipe for binary data and provides a flexibility in communication patterns It is designed to provide a publish-subscribe messaging protocol with most possible minimal bandwidth requirements MQTT uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for transport MQTT is an open standard, giving a mechanisms to asynchronous communication, have a range of implementations, and it is working on IP

Internet of Things: Survey and open issues of MQTT protocol

The “Internet of things” (IoT) concept nowadays is one of the hottest trends for research in any given field; since IoT is about interactions between multiple devices, things, and objects. This interaction opens different directions of enhancement and development in many fields, such as architecture, dependencies, communications, protocols, security, applications and big data. The results will be outstanding and we will be able to reach the desired change and improvements we seek in the fields that affect our lives. The critical goal of Internet of things (IoT) is to ensure effective communication between objects and build a sustained bond among them using different types of applications. The application layer is responsible for providing services and determines a set of protocols for message passing at the application level. This survey addresses a set of application layer protocols that are being used today for IoT, to affirm a reliable tie among objects and things.

Muneer Bani Yassein

Papers

Anomaly-based intrusion detection system through feature selection analysis and building hybrid efficient model

Improvement on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network (VLEACH).

A resource-efficient encryption algorithm for multimedia big data

Internet of Things: Survey and open issues of MQTT protocol

Application layer protocols for the Internet of Things: A survey