Freedom of design, mass customisation, waste minimisation and the ability to manufacture complex structures, as well as fast prototyping, are the main benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. A comprehensive review of the main 3D printing methods, materials and their development in trending applications was carried out. In particular, the revolutionary applications of AM in biomedical, aerospace, buildings and protective structures were discussed. The current state of materials development, including metal alloys, polymer composites, ceramics and concrete, was presented. In addition, this paper discussed the main processing challenges with void formation, anisotropic behaviour, the limitation of computer design and layer-by-layer appearance. Overall, this paper gives an overview of 3D printing, including a survey on its benefits and drawbacks as a benchmark for future research and development.

Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges

Organ printing can be defined as layer-by-layer additive robotic biofabrication of three-dimensional functional living macrotissues and organ constructs using tissue spheroids as building blocks. The microtissues and tissue spheroids are living materials with certain measurable, evolving and potentially controllable composition, material and biological properties. Closely placed tissue spheroids undergo tissue fusion - a process that represents a fundamental biological and biophysical principle of developmental biology-inspired directed tissue self-assembly. It is possible to engineer small segments of an intraorgan branched vascular tree by using solid and lumenized vascular tissue spheroids. Organ printing could dramatically enhance and transform the field of tissue engineering by enabling large-scale industrial robotic biofabrication of living human organ constructs with "built-in" perfusable intraorgan branched vascular tree. Thus, organ printing is a new emerging enabling technology paradigm which represents a developmental biology-inspired alternative to classic biodegradable solid scaffold-based approaches in tissue engineering.

Organ Printing: Tissue Spheroids as Building Blocks

The bioink: A comprehensive review on bioprintable materials.

Bioprinting 3D microfibrous scaffolds for engineering endothelialized myocardium and heart-on-a-chip.

Progress in 3D bioprinting technology for tissue/organ regenerative engineering

Bioprinting is an emerging technology with various applications in making functional tissue constructs to replace injured or diseased tissues. It is a relatively new approach that provides high reproducibility and precise control over the fabricated constructs in an automated manner, potentially enabling high-throughput production. During the bioprinting process, a solution of a biomaterial or a mixture of several biomaterials in the hydrogel form, usually encapsulating the desired cell types, termed the bioink, is used for creating tissue constructs. This bioink can be cross-linked or stabilized during or immediately after bioprinting to generate the final shape, structure, and architecture of the designed construct. Bioinks may be made from natural or synthetic biomaterials alone, or a combination of the two as hybrid materials. In certain cases, cell aggregates without any additional biomaterials can also be adopted for use as a bioink for bioprinting processes. An ideal bioink should possess proper mechanical, rheological, and biological properties of the target tissues, which are essential to ensure correct functionality of the bioprinted tissues and organs. In this review, we provide an in-depth discussion of the different bioinks currently employed for bioprinting, and outline some future perspectives in their further development.

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Bioinks for 3D bioprinting: an overview

Direct 3D bioprinting of perfusable vascular constructs using a blend bioink

It has been frequently shown that nanoparticles are able to increase the efficiency of antitumor drugs, decrease their side effects, and control distribution profile of drug molecules. In addition, these particular systems can enhance pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties of drugs through a physical pathway. This novel strategy can prevent drugs entering systemic circulation, and can confine the access of drugs to a specific target. Various polymeric nanoparticles have been used for the encapsulation of anticancer drugs. This chapter reviews different types of anticancer drugs and engineering techniques for obtaining efficient delivery systems in cancer treatment. It also introduces the salient features of this approach, the hurdles that must be overcome, the hopes associated with it, and practical constraints.

P. Selcan Gungor-Ozkerim

Papers

Bioinks for 3D bioprinting: an overview

Direct 3D bioprinting of perfusable vascular constructs using a blend bioink

Therapeutic Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Drugs