In the past five years, private companies, research institutions and public sector organizations have issued principles and guidelines for ethical artificial intelligence (AI). However, despite an apparent agreement that AI should be ‘ethical’, there is debate about both what constitutes ‘ethical AI’ and which ethical requirements, technical standards and best practices are needed for its realization. To investigate whether a global agreement on these questions is emerging, we mapped and analysed the current corpus of principles and guidelines on ethical AI. Our results reveal a global convergence emerging around five ethical principles (transparency, justice and fairness, non-maleficence, responsibility and privacy), with substantive divergence in relation to how these principles are interpreted, why they are deemed important, what issue, domain or actors they pertain to, and how they should be implemented. Our findings highlight the importance of integrating guideline-development efforts with substantive ethical analysis and adequate implementation strategies.

The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines

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The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable

(1) Whereas the objectives of the Community, as laid down in the Treaty, as amended by the Treaty on European Union, include creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, fostering closer relations between the States belonging to the Community, ensuring economic and social progress by common action to eliminate the barriers which divide Europe, encouraging the constant improvement of the living conditions of its peoples, preserving and strengthening peace and liberty and promoting democracy on the basis of the fundamental rights recognized in the constitution and laws of the Member States and in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

Some Preliminary Comments on the DIRECTIVE 95/46/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.

PART ONE: MASS COMMUNICATION AND SOCIETY Public Communication and Public Interest Contested Territory Media Performance Traditions of Enquiry The `Public Interest' in Communication PART TWO: MEDIA PERFORMANCE NORMS Performance Norms in Media Policy Discourse The Newspaper Press Performance Norms in Media Policy Discourse Broadcasting A Framework of Principle for Media Assessment PART THREE: RESEARCH MODELS AND METHODS Media Organizational Performance Models and Research Options PART FOUR: MEDIA FREEDOM Concepts and Models of Media Freedom Media Freedom From Structure to Performance Media Freedom The Organizational Environment PART FIVE: DIVERSITY Varieties and Processes of Diversity Taking the Measure of Diversity Media Reflection Media Access and Audience Choice PART SIX: OBJECTIVITY Concepts of Objectivity A Framework for Objectivity Research Measuring Objectivity News as Information Measuring Objectivity The Evaluative Dimension of News PART SEVEN: MASS MEDIA, ORDER AND SOCIAL CONTROL Media and the Maintenance of Public Order Policing the Symbolic Environment Solidarity and Social Identity PART EIGHT: MEDIA AND CULTURE Questions of Culture and Mass Communication Cultural Identity and Autonomy Whose Media Culture? PART NINE: IN CONCLUSION Changing Media, Changing Mores Implications for Assessment

Media performance : mass communication and the public interest / Denis Mcquail

A Charter of Fundamental Rights for the European Union

This article reports the findings of AI4People, an Atomium—EISMD initiative designed to lay the foundations for a “Good AI Society”. We introduce the core opportunities and risks of AI for society; present a synthesis of five ethical principles that should undergird its development and adoption; and offer 20 concrete recommendations—to assess, to develop, to incentivise, and to support good AI—which in some cases may be undertaken directly by national or supranational policy makers, while in others may be led by other stakeholders. If adopted, these recommendations would serve as a firm foundation for the establishment of a Good AI Society.

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AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations

Independent study on indicators for media pluralism in the member states: towards a risk-based approach: second interim report

Media pluralism and diversity : concepts, risks and global trends

Since its appearance in 2005, user-generated content (UGC) has grown explosively. This vast new trend that allows users to play an active role in the publication of content creates many great opportunities. However, it also opens doors for malicious intent. The difficulties to combat illegal or otherwise harmful material constitute major challenges for the further development of UGC. In a complicated system involving many different actors, who to address when illegal or harmful material is found online? Who can be held liable for damage? This paper aims to discuss the conceptual framework for legal liability for UGC, by examining normative definitions and underlying rationales of existing liability models and by comparing the roles of traditional actors in the information value chain, on the one hand, and new intermediaries, on the other hand. The paper aspires to formulate some assessments in view of a clearer definition of the scope of legal liability of new UGC intermediaries for illegal and harmful content disseminated via their platforms.

Who's author, editor and publisher in user-generated content? Applying traditional media concepts to UGC providers

The European Media Pluralism Monitor : Bridging Law, Economics, and Media Studies as a First Step towards Risk-Based Regulation in Media Markets

Peggy Valcke

Papers

AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations

Independent study on indicators for media pluralism in the member states: towards a risk-based approach: second interim report

Media pluralism and diversity : concepts, risks and global trends

Who's author, editor and publisher in user-generated content? Applying traditional media concepts to UGC providers

The European Media Pluralism Monitor : Bridging Law, Economics, and Media Studies as a First Step towards Risk-Based Regulation in Media Markets