This handbook looks to provide academics and students with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. Innovation spans a number of fields within the social sciences and humanities: Management, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, and History. Consequently, the rapidly increasing body of literature on innovation is characterized by a multitude of perspectives based on, or cutting across, existing disciplines and specializations. Scholars of innovation can come from such diverse starting points that much of this literature can be missed, and so constructive dialogues missed. The editors of The Oxford Handbook of Innovation have carefully selected and designed twenty-one contributions from leading academic experts within their particular field, each focusing on a specific aspect of innovation. These have been organized into four main sections, the first of which looks at the creation of innovations, with particular focus on firms and networks. Section Two provides an account of the wider systematic setting influencing innovation and the role of institutions and organizations in this context. Section Three explores some of the diversity in the working of innovation over time and across different sectors of the economy, and Section Four focuses on the consequences of innovation with respect to economic growth, international competitiveness, and employment. An introductory overview, concluding remarks, and guide to further reading for each chapter, make this handbook a key introduction and vital reference work for researchers, academics, and advanced students of innovation. Contributors to this volume - Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo William Lazonick, INSEAD Walter W. Powell, Stanford University Keith Pavitt, SPRU Alice Lam, Brunel University Keith Smith, INTECH Charles Edquist, Linkoping David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley Mary O'Sullivan, INSEAD Ove Granstrand, Chalmers Bjorn Asheim, University of Lund Rajneesh Narula, Copenhagen Business School Antonello Zanfei, Urbino Kristine Bruland, University of Oslo Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi Nick Von Tunzelmann, SPRU Ian Miles, University of Manchester Bronwyn Hall, University of California, Berkeley Bart Verspagen , ECIS Francisco Louca, ISEG Manuel M. Godinho, ISEG Richard R. Nelson, Mario Pianta, Urbino Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Aalborg

The Oxford Handbook of Innovation

Sidney C. Smith, Jr, MD, FACC, FAHA, FESC, Chair; Alice K. Jacobs, MD, FACC, FAHA, Vice-Chair; Cynthia D. Adams, MSN, APRN-BC, FAHA; Jeffery L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA; Elliott M. Antman, MD, FACC, FAHA[‡][1]; Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA; Sharon Ann Hunt, MD, FACC, FAHA; Rick Nishimura,

/pdf/acc-aha-esc-2006-guidelines-for-the-management-of-patients-5fc8py53ut.pdf

ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society

### Abbreviations

1st AV
: First-degree atrioventricular block
AF
: atrial fibrillation
AT
: atrial tachyarrhythmia
ATP
: Anti-tachycardia pacing
AV
: atrioventricular
BBB
: bundle branch block
CHF
: congestive heart failure
CI
: confidence interval
CPG
: Committee for Practice Guidelines
CRT
: cardiac resynchronization therapy
CRT-D
: cardiac resynchronization therapy and defibrillator
CRT-P
: cardiac resynchronization therapy and pacemaker
ECG
: electrocardiogram
EDMD
: Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
EF
: ejection fraction
EPS
: electrophysiological study
ESC
: European Society of Cardiology
HCM
: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
HF
: heart failure
HR
: hazard ratio
HV
: His-ventricular
ICD
: implantable cardioverter defibrillator
ILR
: implantable loop recorder
IVCD
: intraventricular conduction delay
LBBB
: left bundle branch block
LQTS
: long QT syndrome
LV
: left ventricular
LVEF
: left ventricular ejection fraction
LVSD
: left ventricular systolic dysfunction
MR
: mitral regurgitation
MRI
: magnetic resonance imaging
NYHA
: New York Heart Association
PM
: pacemaker
OR
: odds ratio
QALY
: quality-adjusted life year
RBBB
: right bundle branch block
RCT
: randomized controlled trial
RV
: right ventricular
SB
: sinus bradycardia
SNRT
: sinus node recovery time
SR
: sinus rhythm
SSS
: sick sinus syndrome
TAVI
: transcatheter aortic valve implantation
VF
: ventricular fibrillation
VT
: ventricular tachycardia
VV
: interventricular (delay)

### Acronyms of the trials referenced in the recommendations or reported in the tables

ADEPT
: ADvanced Elements of Pacing Randomized Controlled Trial
ADOPT
: Atrial Dynamic Overdrive Pacing Trial
AOPS
: Atrial Overdrive Pacing Study
APAF
: Ablate and Pace in Atrial Fibrillation
ASSERT
: ASymptomatic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Evaluation in Pacemaker Patients and the Atrial Fibrillation Reduction Atrial Pacing Trial
ATTEST
: ATrial Therapy Efficacy and Safety Trial
AVAIL CLS/CRT
: AV Node Ablation with CLS and CRT Pacing Therapies for Treatment of AF trial
B4
: Bradycardia detection in Bundle Branch Block
BELIEVE
: Bi vs. Left Ventricular Pacing: an International Pilot Evaluation on Heart Failure Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias
BIOPACE
: Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block to prevent cardiac desynchronization
BLOCK-HF
: Biventricular versus right ventricular pacing in patients with AV block
B-LEFT
: Biventricular versus LEFT Univentricular Pacing with ICD Back-up in Heart Failure Patients
CARE-HF
: CArdiac REsynchronization in Heart Failure
CLEAR
: CLinical Evaluation on Advanced Resynchronization
COMBAT
: COnventional vs. Biventricular Pacing in Heart Failure and Bradyarrhythmia
COMPANION
: COmparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing and Defibrillation in Heart Failure
DANPACE
: DANish Multicenter Randomized Trial on Single Lead Atrial PACing vs. Dual Chamber Pacing in Sick Sinus Syndrome
DECREASE-HF
: The Device Evaluation of CONTAK RENEWAL 2 and EASYTRAK 2: Assessment of Safety and Effectiveness in Heart Failure
FREEDOM
: Optimization Study Using the QuickOpt Method
GREATER-EARTH
: Evaluation of Resynchronization Therapy for Heart Failure in Patients with a QRS Duration GREATER Than 120 ms
LESSER-EARTH
: Evaluation of Resynchronization Therapy for Heart Failure in Patients with a QRS Duration Lower Than 120 ms
HOBIPACE
: HOmburg BIventricular PACing Evaluation
IN-CHF
: Italian Network on Congestive Heart Failure
ISSUE
: International Study on Syncope of Unexplained Etiology
MADIT
: Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Trial
MIRACLE
: Multicenter InSync RAndomized CLinical Evaluation
MOST
: MOde Selection Trial in Sinus-Node Dysfunction
MUSTIC
: MUltisite STimulation In Cardiomyopathies
OPSITE
: Optimal Pacing SITE
PACE
: Pacing to Avoid Cardiac Enlargement
PAVE
: Left Ventricular-Based Cardiac Stimulation Post AV Nodal Ablation Evaluation
PATH-CHF
: PAcing THerapies in Congestive Heart Failure II Study Group
PIPAF
: Pacing In Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Study
PIRAT
: Prevention of Immediate Reinitiation of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias
POT
: Prevention Or Termination Study
PREVENT-HF
: PREventing VENTricular Dysfunction in Pacemaker Patients Without Advanced Heart Failure
PROSPECT
: PRedictors Of Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
RAFT
: Resynchronization–Defibrillation for Ambulatory Heart Failure Trial
RethinQ
: Cardiac REsynchronization THerapy IN Patients with Heart Failure and Narrow QRS
REVERSE
: REsynchronization reVErses Remodelling in Systolic left vEntricular dysfunction
SAFARI
: Study of Atrial Fibrillation Reduction
SCD HeFT
: Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial
SMART-AV
: The SMARTDelay Determined AV Optimization: a Comparison with Other AV Delay Methods Used in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
SYDIT
: The SYncope DIagnosis and Treatment
SYNPACE
: Vasovagal SYNcope and PACing
TARGET
: TARgeted Left Ventricular Lead Placement to Guide Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
THEOPACE
: Effects of Oral THEOphylline and of Permanent PACEmaker on the Symptoms and Complications of Sick Sinus Syndrome
VASIS-PM
: VAsovagal Syncope International Study on PaceMaker therapy
V-HeFT
: Vasodilator in HEart Failure Trial
VPSII
: Second Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS II)

Additional references are mentioned with ‘w’ in the main text and can be found on the online addenda along with 5 figures (1, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12) and 10 tables (3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 19, 21, 22, 23). They are available on the ESC website only at http://www.escardio.org/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines/Pages/cardiac-pacing-and-cardiac-resynchronisation-therapy.aspx

Guidelines summarize and evaluate all available evidence, at the time of the writing process, on a …

https://repository.ukim.mk:443/bitstream/20.500.12188/7385/1/2013%20pacing%20and%20CRT.pdf

2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy : The Task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)

Food’s environmental impacts are created by millions of diverse producers. To identify solutions that are effective under this heterogeneity, we consolidated data covering five environmental indicators; 38,700 farms; and 1600 processors, packaging types, and retailers. Impact can vary 50-fold among producers of the same product, creating substantial mitigation opportunities. However, mitigation is complicated by trade-offs, multiple ways for producers to achieve low impacts, and interactions throughout the supply chain. Producers have limits on how far they can reduce impacts. Most strikingly, impacts of the lowest-impact animal products typically exceed those of vegetable substitutes, providing new evidence for the importance of dietary change. Cumulatively, our findings support an approach where producers monitor their own impacts, flexibly meet environmental targets by choosing from multiple practices, and communicate their impacts to consumers.

/pdf/reducing-food-s-environmental-impacts-through-producers-and-2xmi5ihk3n.pdf

Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

Carbon Footprint: A Catalyst for Life Cycle Assessment?

Background, Aim and Scope
Soybean meal is an important protein input to the European livestock production, with Argentina being an important supplier. The area cultivated with soybeans is still increasing globally, and so are the number of LCAs where the production of soybean meal forms part of the product chain. In recent years there has been increasing focus on how soybean production affects the environment. The purpose of the study was to estimate the environmental consequences of soybean meal consumption using a consequential LCA approach. The functional unit is ‘one kg of soybean meal produced in Argentina and delivered to Rotterdam Harbor’.

LCA of soybean meal

In a world where systems are increasingly larger, where their boundaries are often difficult to identify, and where societal rather than technical issues play increasingly bigger roles, problems cannot be solved by applying a technical solution alone It thus becomes important for engineers to be skilled not only in terms of their particular technical field but also their ability to identify non-technical aspects of problems, the interaction between these aspects and possible solutions Introducing and integrating these aspects into engineering education is certainly not an easy task and requires innovative approaches In this article, focus is placed on the so-called Aalborg Model, a problem-oriented and project-based learning paradigm utilised at Aalborg University (Denmark), and the mutual benefits that this particular learning strategy provides for students, faculty and communities The article discusses the concept of sustainable development; accounts for the general capabilities of engineer

Problem-Oriented and Project-Based Learning (POPBL) as an Innovative Learning Strategy for Sustainable Development in Engineering Education.

Aims In patients with sick sinus syndrome, bradycardia can be treated with a single-lead pacemaker or a dual-chamber pacemaker. Previous trials have revealed that pacing modes preserving atrio-ventricular synchrony are superior to single-lead ventricular pacing, but it remains unclear if there is any difference between single-lead atrial pacing (AAIR) and dual-chamber pacing (DDDR).

Methods and results We randomly assigned 1415 patients referred for first pacemaker implantation to AAIR ( n = 707) or DDDR ( n = 708) pacing and followed them for a mean of 5.4 ± 2.6 years. The primary outcome was death from any cause. Secondary outcomes included paroxysmal and chronic atrial fibrillation, stroke, heart failure, and need for pacemaker reoperation. In the AAIR group, 209 patients (29.6%) died during follow-up vs. 193 patients (27.3%) in the DDDR group, hazard ratio (HR) 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88–1.29, P = 0.53. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was observed in 201 patients (28.4%) in the AAIR group vs. 163 patients (23.0%) in the DDDR group, HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.03–1.56, P = 0.024. A total of 240 patients underwent one or more pacemaker reoperations during follow-up, 156 (22.1%) in the AAIR group vs. 84 (11.9%) in the DDDR group (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.53–2.59, P < 0.001). The incidence of chronic atrial fibrillation, stroke, and heart failure did not differ between treatment groups.

Conclusion In patients with sick sinus syndrome, there is no statistically significant difference in death from any cause between AAIR pacing and DDDR pacing. AAIR pacing is associated with a higher incidence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and a two-fold increased risk of pacemaker reoperation. These findings support the routine use of DDDR pacing in these patients. Clinical Trial Registration: URL . Unique identifier: [NCT00236158][1].

 [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00236158&atom=%2Fehj%2F32%2F6%2F686.atom

A comparison of single-lead atrial pacing with dual-chamber pacing in sick sinus syndrome

Background, aim and scope
This paper discusses the identification of the environmental consequences of marginal electricity supplies in consequential life cycle assessments (LCA). According to the methodology, environmental characteristics can be examined by identifying affected activities, i.e. often the marginal technology. The present ‘state-of the-art’ method is to identify the long-term change in power plant capacity, known as the long-term marginal technology, and assume that the marginal supply will be fully produced at such capacity. However, the marginal change in capacity will have to operate as an integrated part of the total energy system. Consequently, it does not necessarily represent the marginal change in electricity supply, which is likely to involve a mixture of different production technologies. Especially when planning future sustainable energy systems involving combined heat and power (CHP) and fluctuating renewable energy sources, such issue becomes very important.

Per Christensen

Papers

Carbon Footprint: A Catalyst for Life Cycle Assessment?

LCA of soybean meal

Problem-Oriented and Project-Based Learning (POPBL) as an Innovative Learning Strategy for Sustainable Development in Engineering Education.

A comparison of single-lead atrial pacing with dual-chamber pacing in sick sinus syndrome

Energy system analysis of marginal electricity supply in consequential LCA