BackgroundA phase 2 study showed that progression-free survival was longer with palbociclib plus letrozole than with letrozole alone in the initial treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen-receptor (ER)–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–negative advanced breast cancer. We performed a phase 3 study that was designed to confirm and expand the efficacy and safety data for palbociclib plus letrozole for this indication. MethodsIn this double-blind study, we randomly assigned, in a 2:1 ratio, 666 postmenopausal women with ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, who had not had prior treatment for advanced disease, to receive palbociclib plus letrozole or placebo plus letrozole. The primary end point was progression-free survival, as assessed by the investigators; secondary end points were overall survival, objective response, clinical benefit response, patient-reported outcomes, pharmacokinetic effects, and safety. ResultsThe median progression-free survival was 24.8 months (95...

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1607303

Palbociclib and Letrozole in Advanced Breast Cancer

Summary Background Palbociclib (PD-0332991) is an oral, small-molecule inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 4 and 6 with preclinical evidence of growth-inhibitory activity in oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells and synergy with anti-oestrogens. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of palbociclib in combination with letrozole as first-line treatment of patients with advanced, oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. Methods In this open-label, randomised phase 2 study, postmenopausal women with advanced oestrogen receptor-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer who had not received any systemic treatment for their advanced disease were eligible to participate. Patients were enrolled in two separate cohorts that accrued sequentially: in cohort 1, patients were enrolled on the basis of their oestrogen receptor-positive and HER2-negative biomarker status alone, whereas in cohort 2 they were also required to have cancers with amplification of cyclin D1 ( CCND1 ), loss of p16 (INK4A or CDKN2A), or both. In both cohorts, patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via an interactive web-based randomisation system, stratified by disease site and disease-free interval, to receive continuous oral letrozole 2·5 mg daily or continuous oral letrozole 2·5 mg daily plus oral palbociclib 125 mg, given once daily for 3 weeks followed by 1 week off over 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. Accrual to cohort 2 was stopped after an unplanned interim analysis of cohort 1 and the statistical analysis plan for the primary endpoint was amended to a combined analysis of cohorts 1 and 2 (instead of cohort 2 alone). The study is ongoing but closed to accrual; these are the results of the final analysis of progression-free survival. The study is registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00721409. Findings Between Dec 22, 2009, and May 12, 2012, we randomly assigned 165 patients, 84 to palbociclib plus letrozole and 81 to letrozole alone. At the time of the final analysis for progression-free survival (median follow-up 29·6 months [95% CI 27·9–36·0] for the palbociclib plus letrozole group and 27·9 months [25·5–31·1] for the letrozole group), 41 progression-free survival events had occurred in the palbociclib plus letrozole group and 59 in the letrozole group. Median progression-free survival was 10·2 months (95% CI 5·7–12·6) for the letrozole group and 20·2 months (13·8–27·5) for the palbociclib plus letrozole group (HR 0·488, 95% CI 0·319–0·748; one-sided p=0·0004). In cohort 1 (n=66), median progression-free survival was 5·7 months (2·6–10·5) for the letrozole group and 26·1 months (11·2–not estimable) for the palbociclib plus letrozole group (HR 0·299, 0·156–0·572; one-sided p Interpretation The addition of palbociclib to letrozole in this phase 2 study significantly improved progression-free survival in women with advanced oestrogen receptor-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer. A phase 3 trial is currently underway. Funding Pfizer.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(14)71159-3.pdf

The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with letrozole versus letrozole alone as first-line treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer (PALOMA-1/TRIO-18): a randomised phase 2 study

The efficacy of therapeutics is dependent on a drug binding to its cognate target. Optimization of target engagement by drugs in cells is often challenging, because drug binding cannot be monitored inside cells. We have developed a method for evaluating drug binding to target proteins in cells and tissue samples. This cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) is based on the biophysical principle of ligand-induced thermal stabilization of target proteins. Using this assay, we validated drug binding for a set of important clinical targets and monitored processes of drug transport and activation, off-target effects and drug resistance in cancer cell lines, as well as drug distribution in tissues. CETSA is likely to become a valuable tool for the validation and optimization of drug target engagement.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/341/6141/84.full.pdf

Monitoring Drug Target Engagement in Cells and Tissues Using the Cellular Thermal Shift Assay

Cancer represents a pathological manifestation of uncontrolled cell division; therefore, it has long been anticipated that our understanding of the basic principles of cell cycle control would result in effective cancer therapies. In particular, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that promote transition through the cell cycle were expected to be key therapeutic targets because many tumorigenic events ultimately drive proliferation by impinging on CDK4 or CDK6 complexes in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, perturbations in chromosomal stability and aspects of S phase and G2/M control mediated by CDK2 and CDK1 are pivotal tumorigenic events. Translating this knowledge into successful clinical development of CDK inhibitors has historically been challenging, and numerous CDK inhibitors have demonstrated disappointing results in clinical trials. Here, we review the biology of CDKs, the rationale for therapeutically targeting discrete kinase complexes and historical clinical results of CDK inhibitors. We also discuss how CDK inhibitors with high selectivity (particularly for both CDK4 and CDK6), in combination with patient stratification, have resulted in more substantial clinical activity.

/pdf/the-history-and-future-of-targeting-cyclin-dependent-kinases-3c43nj2rwf.pdf

The history and future of targeting cyclin-dependent kinases in cancer therapy

Melanoma is a cancer that arises from melanocytes, specialized pigmented cells that are found predominantly in the skin. The incidence of melanoma is rising steadily in western populations--the number of cases worldwide has doubled in the past 20 years. In its early stages malignant melanoma can be cured by surgical resection, but once it has progressed to the metastatic stage it is extremely difficult to treat and does not respond to current therapies. Recent discoveries in cell signalling have provided greater understanding of the biology that underlies melanoma, and these advances are being exploited to provide targeted drugs and new therapeutic approaches.

Melanoma biology and new targeted therapy

PD 0332991 is a highly specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) (IC50, 0.011 micromol/L) and Cdk6 (IC50, 0.016 micromol/L), having no activity against a panel of 36 additional protein kinases. It is a potent antiproliferative agent against retinoblastoma (Rb)-positive tumor cells in vitro, inducing an exclusive G1 arrest, with a concomitant reduction of phospho-Ser780/Ser795 on the Rb protein. Oral administration of PD 0332991 to mice bearing the Colo-205 human colon carcinoma produces marked tumor regression. Therapeutic doses of PD 0332991 cause elimination of phospho-Rb and the proliferative marker Ki-67 in tumor tissue and down-regulation of genes under the transcriptional control of E2F. The results indicate that inhibition of Cdk4/6 alone is sufficient to cause tumor regression and a net reduction in tumor burden in some tumors.

https://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanther/3/11/1427.full.pdf

Specific inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 by PD 0332991 and associated antitumor activity in human tumor xenografts

Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγt) controls the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into the TH17 lineage, which are critical cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here we report that during TH17 differentiation, cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake programs are induced, whereas their metabolism and efflux programs are suppressed. These changes result in the accumulation of the cholesterol precursor, desmosterol, which functions as a potent endogenous RORγ agonist. Generation of cholesterol precursors is essential for TH17 differentiation as blocking cholesterol synthesis with chemical inhibitors at steps before the formation of active precursors reduces differentiation. Upon activation, metabolic changes also lead to production of specific sterol-sulfate conjugates that favor activation of RORγ over the TH17-inhibiting sterol receptor LXR. Thus, TH17 differentiation is orchestrated by coordinated sterol synthesis, mobilization and metabolism to selectively activate RORγ.

Sterol metabolism controls T(H)17 differentiation by generating endogenous RORγ agonists.

Inhibition of the cell cycle kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (Cdk4), is expected to provide an effective method for the treatment of proliferative diseases such as cancer. The pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one template has been identified previously as a privileged structure for the inhibition of ATP-dependent kinases, and good potency against Cdks has been reported for representative examples. Obtaining selectivity for individual Cdk enzymes, particularly Cdk4, has been challenging. Here, we report that the introduction of a methyl substituent at the C-5 position of the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one template is sufficient to confer excellent selectivity for Cdk4 vs other Cdks and representative tyrosine kinases. Further optimization led to the identification of highly potent and selective inhibitors of Cdk4 that exhibit potent antiproliferative activity against human tumor cells in vitro. The most selective Cdk4 inhibitors were evaluated for antitumor activity against MDA-MB-435 human breast carcinoma xenogr...

Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones as specific inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 4.

The present invention provides substituted 2-aminopyridines useful in treating cell proliferative disorders The novel compounds of the present invention are potent inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 ( cdk4 )

2-(PYRIDIN-2-YLAMINO)-PYRIDO[2,3d]PYRIMIDIN-7-ONES

Disclosed are compounds of Formulae (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id) wherein: W is NH, S, SO, or SO2; R2 is (un)substituted aryl, (un)substituted heteroaryl, or (un)substituted carbocycle or heterocycle; Q is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R?4 and R6? are the same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, (un)substituted aryl, (un)substituted heteroaryl, (un)substituted arylalkyl or (un)substituted heteroarylalkyl; and R8 is hydrogen, lower alkyl or an (un)substituted carbocyclic group containing from 3-7 members, up to two of which members are optionally hetero atoms selected from oxygen and nitrogen; or R8 is (un)substituted aryl, (un)substituted heteroaryl, (un)substituted arylalkyl or (un)substituted heteroarylalkyl. These compounds are useful for treating cell proliferative disorders, such as cancer and restenosis. These compounds are potent inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) and growth factor-mediated kinases. The present invention also provides a method of treating cell proliferative disorders. Also provided by the present invention is a pharmaceutically acceptable composition containing a compound of Formula (I).

Peter L. Toogood

Papers

Specific inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 by PD 0332991 and associated antitumor activity in human tumor xenografts

Sterol metabolism controls T(H)17 differentiation by generating endogenous RORγ agonists.

Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones as specific inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 4.

2-(PYRIDIN-2-YLAMINO)-PYRIDO[2,3d]PYRIMIDIN-7-ONES

Pteridinones as kinase inhibitors