世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

A Treatise on the Family. G. S. Becker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1981. Gary Becker is one of the most famous and influential economists of the second half of the 20th century, a fervent contributor to and expounder of the University of Chicago free-market philosophy, and winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize in economics. Although any book with the word "treatise" in its title is clearly intended to have an impact, one coming from someone as brilliant and controversial as Becker certainly had such a lofty goal. It has received many article-length reviews in several disciplines (Ben-Porath, 1982; Bergmann, 1995; Foster, 1993; Hannan, 1982), which is one measure of its scholarly importance, and yet its impact is, I think, less than it may have initially appeared, especially for scholars with substantive interests in the family. This book is, its title notwithstanding, more about economics and the economic approach to behavior than about the family. In the first sentence of the preface, Becker writes "In this book, I develop an economic or rational choice approach to the family." Lest anyone accuse him of focusing on traditional (i.e., material) economics topics, such as family income, poverty, and labor supply, he immediately emphasizes that those topics are not his focus. "My intent is more ambitious: to analyze marriage, births, divorce, division of labor in households, prestige, and other non-material behavior with the tools and framework developed for material behavior." Indeed, the book includes chapters on many of these issues. One chapter examines the principles of the efficient division of labor in households, three analyze marriage and divorce, three analyze various child-related issues (fertility and intergenerational mobility), and others focus on broader family issues, such as intrafamily resource allocation. His analysis is not, he believes, constrained by time or place. His intention is "to present a comprehensive analysis that is applicable, at least in part, to families in the past as well as the present, in primitive as well as modern societies, and in Eastern as well as Western cultures." His tone is profoundly conservative and utterly skeptical of any constructive role for government programs. There is a clear sense of how much better things were in the old days of a genderbased division of labor and low market-work rates for married women. Indeed, Becker is ready and able to show in Chapter 2 that such a state of affairs was efficient and induced not by market or societal discrimination (although he allows that it might exist) but by small underlying household productivity differences that arise primarily from what he refers to as "complementarities" between caring for young children while carrying another to term. Most family scholars would probably find that an unconvincingly simple explanation for a profound and complex phenomenon. What, then, is the salient contribution of Treatise on the Family? It is not literally the idea that economics could be applied to the nonmarket sector and to family life because Becker had already established that with considerable success and influence. At its core, microeconomics is simple, characterized by a belief in the importance of prices and markets, the role of self-interested or rational behavior, and, somewhat less centrally, the stability of preferences. It was Becker's singular and invaluable contribution to appreciate that the behaviors potentially amenable to the economic approach were not limited to phenomenon with explicit monetary prices and formal markets. Indeed, during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, he did undeniably important and pioneering work extending the domain of economics to such topics as labor market discrimination, fertility, crime, human capital, household production, and the allocation of time. Nor is Becker's contribution the detailed analyses themselves. Many of them are, frankly, odd, idiosyncratic, and off-putting. …

A Treatise on the Family

We investigate conditions sufficient for identification of average treatment effects using instrumental variables. First we show that the existence of valid instruments is not sufficient to identify any meaningful average treatment effect. We then establish that the combination of an instrument and a condition on the relation between the instrument and the participation status is sufficient for identification of a local average treatment effect for those who can be induced to change their participation status by changing the value of the instrument. Finally we derive the probability limit of the standard IV estimator under these conditions. It is seen to be a weighted average of local average treatment effects.

Evolution and Rationality Some Recent Game-Theoretic Results. Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects

Series Editor's Preface. Introduction by John Breuilly. Acknowledgements. 1. Definitions. State and nation. The nation. 2. Culture in Agrarian Society. Power and culture in the agro-literature society. The varieties of agrarian rulers. 3. Industrial Society. The society of perpetual growth. Social genetics. The age of universal high culture. 4. The Transition to an Age of Nationalism. A note on the weakness of nationalism. Wild and garden culture. 5. What is a Nation. The course of true nationalism never did run smooth. 6. Social Entropy and Equality in Industrial Society. Obstacles to entropy. Fissures and barriers. A diversity of focus. 7. A Typology of Nationalisms. The varieties of nationalist experience. Diaspora nationalism. 8. The Future of Nationalism. Industrial culture - one or many?. 9. Nationalism and Ideology. Who is for Nuremberg?. One nation, one state. 10. Conclusion. What is not being said. Summary. Select bibliography. Bilbliography of Ernest Gellner's writing: Ian Jarvie. Index

Nations and Nationalism

1. The Evolution of Labor Supply and Unemployment in the Egyptian Economy: 1988-2012 2. The Structure and Evolution of Employment in Egypt: 1998-2012 3. Wages and Inequality in the Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Financial Crisis and Revolution 4. Patterns of Labor Market Insertion in Egypt, 1998-2012 5. Determinants of Unemployment Duration 6. Young People's Job Aspirations in Egypt and the Continued Preference for a Government Job 7. Education in Egypt: Improvements in Attainment, Problems with Quality and Inequality 8. Women's Participation in the Egyptian Labor Market: 1998-2012 9. Changes in the Institution of Marriage in Egypt: 1998-2012 10. Micro and Small Household Enterprises in Egypt: Potential for Growth and Employment Generation 11. Through the Keyhole: International Migration in Egypt 12. Job Accession, Separation and Mobility in the Egyptian Labor Market over the Past Decade 13. Duration to Coverage: Dynamics of Access to Social Security on the Egyptian Labor Market during the 1998-2012 Period

The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution

This article examines the combined impact of the employment guarantee for graduates and public sector compensation policies on the Egyptian labor market. Besides contributing to an unsustainable rate of growth in the government labor force, these policies have encouraged queuing for government jobs, contributed to high graduate unemployment rates, and reduced the employment of graduates in the private sector. Despite substantial wage erosion in the public sector in recent years, government wages, when appropriately corrected for observed heterogeneity and sample selection, are on a par with, or higher than, private sector wages, especially for graduates. When combined with the more desirable nonwage aspects of government jobs, these compensation levels explain the attractiveness of public sector employment to graduates. Government pay scales are especially advantageous to female secondary school graduates, who appear to face considerable discrimination in the private sector.

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The Effects of Public Sector Hiring and Compensation Policies on the Egyptian Labor Market

Nearly one in five people living in the Middle East and North Africa (MEAN) region is between the ages of 15 and 24-the age group defined as "youth" The current number of youth in the region is unprecedented: nearly 95 million in 2005 The extent to which this large group of young people will become healthy and productive members of their societies depends on how well governments and civil societies invest in social economic and political institutions that meet the current needs of young people Ages 15 to 24 represent a period in life when one makes the transition from the dependence of childhood to the independence of adulthood-a period filled with enthusiasm dreams and ambitions It is also a period during which a number of social economic biological and demographic events occur that set the stage for adult life such as education marriage and entrance into the job market As the average years of education increases and marriage is delayed the transition to adulthood extends over a longer period of time making adolescence an increasingly important stage for policy attention Despite a wealth of oil resources and major improvements in health and education over the past few decades this regions political social and economic systems have not evolved in a way that effectively meets the changing needs of its rapidly growing young population This policy brief gives an overview of demographic trends among youth and the implications of these trends for human and economic development in the MEAN region (excerpt)

Youth in the Middle East and North Africa: Demographic opportunity or challenge?

It is well-established that Arab labor markets share certain common characteristics, including an oversized public sector, high youth unemployment, weak private sectors, rapidly growing but highly distorted educational attainment, and low and stagnant female labor force participation. I argue in this paper that all of these features can be explained by the deep and persistent dualism that characterizes Arab labor markets that resulted from the use of labor markets by Arab regimes as tool of political appeasement in the context of “authoritarian bargain” social contracts. Even as fiscal crises have long destabilized these arrangements in most non-oil Arab countries, culminating in the dramatic political upheavals of the Arab Spring, I argue that the enduring legacy of dualism will continue to strongly shape the production and deployment of human capital in Arab economies for some time. I25, J21, J24, J31, J45, O53, P52

Making sense of Arab labor markets: the enduring legacy of dualism

This paper introduces the 2012 round of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS), a publicly-available nationally representative longitudinal household survey. We describe the key characteristics of the ELMPS, including the samples and questionnaires for each round. Additionally, we examine the attrition processes observed in the panel and discuss the creation of weights to correct for attrition. We compare our data to other statistical sources for Egypt to evaluate the sample’s representativeness. To demonstrate how the ELMPS allows for an improved understanding of the labor market, we compare unemployment trends using the ELMPS and other data on unemployment in Egypt. J00, C81, C83, J64

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Ragui Assaad

Papers

The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution

The Effects of Public Sector Hiring and Compensation Policies on the Egyptian Labor Market

Youth in the Middle East and North Africa: Demographic opportunity or challenge?

Making sense of Arab labor markets: the enduring legacy of dualism

The Egypt labor market panel survey: introducing the 2012 round