Risto Väinölä

TL;DR: A perspective on the context and evolutionary significance of hybridization during speciation is offered, highlighting issues of current interest and debate and suggesting that the Dobzhansky–Muller model of hybrid incompatibilities requires a broader interpretation.

TL;DR: It is argued that for marine organisms the genetic signatures of northern periglacial and southern refugia can be distinguished from one another, giving credence to recent climatic reconstructions with less extensive glaciation.

TL;DR: The results imply a long-term isolation of populations in parts of the Eastern Mediterranean or Black Sea basins through the Pleistocene, and patterns of shallower, star-phylogeny type diversity within the Ponto-Caspian phylogroup and in the Baltic Sea area may represent more recent, post-glacial generation of variation.

TL;DR: Freshwater amphipods are greatly polyphyletic, continental invasions have taken place repeatedly in different time frames and regions of the world, and have had great impacts on European fluvial ecosystems.

TL;DR: The hypothesis posits that pinnipeds originated on the North American continent with early otarioid and otariid divergences taking place in the northeast Pacific and those of the phocids in coastal areas of southeast N America for later dispersal to colder environments in the N Atlantic and the Arctic Basin, and in Antarctic waters.