Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a devastating pest of tomato originating from South America. After its initial detection in eastern Spain in 2006, it rapidly invaded various other European countries and spread throughout the Mediterranean basin. If no control measures are taken, then the pest can cause up to 80–100% yield losses in tomato crops in recently invaded areas and may pose a threat to both greenhouse and open-field tomato production. The exceptional speed and extent of T. absoluta invasion have called for studies documenting its biology and ecology, while indicating an urgent need for efficient and sustainable management methods. The development of approaches to manage T. absoluta would be facilitated through a detailed revision of information on this pest in its area of origin. This review combines information on the invasion by T. absoluta, its ecology, and potential management strategies, including data that may help the implementation of efficient biological control programs. These programs, together with a variety of other management tactics, may allow efficient integrated pest management of T. absoluta in Europe and Mediterranean Basin countries.

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Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control

Biosecurity encompasses protecting against any risk through ‘biological harm’, not least being the economic impact from the spread of pest insects. Molecular diagnostic tools provide valuable support for the rapid and accurate identification of morphologically indistinct alien species. However, these tools currently lack standardization. They are not conducive to adaptation by multiple sectors or countries, or to coping with changing pest priorities. The data presented here identifies DNA barcodes as a very promising opportunity to address this. DNA of tussock moth and fruit fly specimens intercepted at the New Zealand border over the last decade were reanalysed using the cox1 sequence barcode approach. Species identifications were compared with the historical dataset obtained by PCR–RFLP of nuclear rDNA. There was 90 and 96% agreement between the methods for these species, respectively. Improvements included previous tussock moth ‘unknowns’ being placed to family, genera or species and further resolution within fruit fly species complexes. The analyses highlight several advantages of DNA barcodes, especially their adaptability and predictive value. This approach is a realistic platform on which to build a much more flexible system, with the potential to be adopted globally for the rapid and accurate identification of invasive alien species.

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DNA barcodes for biosecurity : invasive species identification

Xylophagous leafhopppers are common and abundant insects of tropical and subtropical environments and play important ecological roles in these ecosystems. The feeding biology of these insects is unique in terms of their high feeding rates and a digestive physiology that allows them to assimilate amino acids, organic acids, and sugars at approximately 99% efficiency. For those species well studied, fluctuations in plant xylem chemistry and tension appear to determine the diurnal and seasonal use of their host plants. Relatively few species of xylem fluid-feeding leafhoppers are considered important pests in commercial agriculture, as they transmit the bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. X. fastidiosa induces diseases of grapevines, citrus, coffee, almond, alfalfa, stone fruits, landscape ornamentals, and native hardwoods for which there is no cure. Two Xylella diseases, citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) and Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevines, have emerged as important issues within the past decade. In Brazil, CVC became important in the early 1990s and has now expanded throughout many citrus-growing areas of South America and threatens to spread to North America. The recent establishment of the exotic glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulata) in California now threatens much of the United States' wine grape, table grape, and almond production. The spread of H. coagulata throughout southern California and the spread of CVC northward from Argentina through Brazil exemplifies the biological risks from exotic species. The occurrence and epidemiology of leafhopper-vectored Xylella diseases are discussed.

The biology of xylem fluid-feeding insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa and their relation to disease epidemiology.

Manual de entomologia agricola

Results of studies with Trichogramma in Brazil are presented, especially those developed at ESALQ/USP in the past two decades (1984-2004). The project involved taxonomy, rearing techniques, biological and behavioral aspects of the pests and parasitoids, pest population dynamics, release techniques, selectivity studies, and efficiency evaluation. It can be considered a model project and has been adopted by other biological control programs in Brazil and Latin America. The program has given rise to a number of publications, allowing the formation of human resources in this area and opening new research areas. The results indicated that the parasitoid can be used to control key pests in cotton, sugarcane, stored grain, vegetables, corn, soybean, and tomato. The perspective of using the parasitoid has stimulated the creation of companies to commercialize it in Brazil, thus more easily transferring this technology to users.

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Trichogramma in Brazil: feasibility of use after twenty years of research

1. Reproduction and Immature Development of Egg Parasitoids Guy Boivin.- 2. Nutritional Ecology of Insect Egg Parasitoids S. Bradleigh Vinson.- 3. Antennal Structures Used in Communication by Egg Parasitoids Roberto Romani, Nunzio Isidoro, Ferdinando Bin.- 4. Host Searching by Egg Parasitoids: Exploitation of Host Chemical Cues Stefano Colazza, Ezio Peri, Gianandrea Salerno, Eric Conti.- 5. Genetics of the Behavioral Ecology of Egg Parasitoids Eric Wajnberg.- 6. Sex Ratio Modulators of Egg Parasitoids James Russell, Richard Stouthamer.- 7. Systematics of the Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with a Focus on the Genera Attacking Lepidoptera Ranyse B Querino, Roberto A Zucchi, John D. Pinto.- 8. Diversity and hosts of Trichogramma in the New World, with emphasis in South America Roberto A Zucchi, Ranyse B Querino, Renata C Monteiro.- 9. Species Diversity and Host Associations of Trichogramma in Eurasia Andrew Polaszek.- 10. Mass Rearing of Egg Parasitoids for Biological Control Programs Jose Roberto Postali Parra.- 11. In vitro Rearing of Egg Parasitoids Fernando L Consoli, Simon Grenier.- 12. Quality Control of Mass Reared Egg Parasitoids Joop C. van Lenteren, Franz Bigler.- 13. Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids other than Trichogramma - the Citrus and Grape Cases Jorge E. Pena, Josep A. Jacas, Serguei Tryapsin, Bryan J. Ulmer, R. E. Duncan.- 14. Egg Parasitoid Commercialization in the New World Jose Roberto Postali Parra.- 15. Egg Parasitoids in Biological Control and Integrated Pest Management Nick Mills.- 16. Risk Assessment and Non-Target Effects of Egg Parasitoids in Biological Control Franz Bigler, Dirk Babendreier, Joop C. van Lenteren.- 17. Genetically Modified Crops and Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids Julio S Bernal.

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Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on Trichogramma

Schiner is the largest and most economically important genus of Tephritidae in the
Americas, including major pest species such as the Mexican, Caribbean, and South American fruit
flies. The closely related genusToxotrypanaGerstaecker also contains economically important
species, including the papaya fruit fly. Despite their economic status, little has been published about
the phylogeny ofAnastrephaandToxotrypana, as is true for most groups of Tephritidae. In this
chapter, we analyze the relationships among the species of these two genera based on morphological
character data, including new as well as previously published information. We also summarize host
plant data at the level of plant family and discuss several trends in host plant relationships.

Roberto A. Zucchi

Papers

Manual de entomologia agricola

Trichogramma in Brazil: feasibility of use after twenty years of research

Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on Trichogramma

Phylogeny of the genera anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Trypetinae: Toxotrypanini) based on morphology

Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil