자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

The culture of education

Meanwhile, the authors' antidote to the American sicknessa quest for democratic community that draws on our diverse civic and religious traditionshas contributed to a vigorous scholarly and popular debate. Attention has been focused on forms of social organization, be it civil society, democratic communitarianism, or associative democracy, that can humanize the market and the administrative state. In their new Introduction the authors relate the argument of their book both to the current realities of American society and to the growing debate about the country's future. With this new edition one of the most influential books of recent times takes on a new immediacy.\

Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life

ContextThe cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were
born preterm have been reported extensively. Many of these studies have methodological
flaws that preclude an accurate estimate of the long-term outcomes of prematurity.ObjectiveTo estimate the effect of preterm birth on cognition and behavior in
school-aged children.Data SourcesMEDLINE search (1980 to November 2001) for English-language articles,
supplemented by a manual search of personal files maintained by 2 of the authors.Study SelectionWe included case-control studies reporting cognitive and/or behavioral
data of children who were born preterm and who were evaluated after their
fifth birthday if the attrition rate was less than 30%. From the 227 reviewed
studies, cognitive data from 15 studies and behavioral data from 16 studies
were selected.Data ExtractionData on population demographics, study characteristics, and cognitive
and behavioral outcomes were extracted from each study, entered in a customized
database, and reviewed twice to minimize error. Differences between the mean
cognitive scores of cases and controls were pooled. Homogeneity across studies
was formally tested using a general variance-based method and graphically
using Galbraith plots. Linear meta-analysis regression models were fitted
to explore the impact of birth weight and gestational age on cognitive outcomes.
Study-specific relative risks (RRs) were calculated for the incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) and pooled. Quality assessment of the studies was performed
based on a 10-point scale. Publication bias was examined using Begg modified
funnel plots and formally tested using the Egger weighted-linear regression
method.Data SynthesisAmong 1556 cases and 1720 controls, controls had significantly higher
cognitive scores compared with children who were born preterm (weighted mean
difference, 10.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.2-12.5). The mean cognitive
scores of preterm-born cases and term-born controls were directly proportional
to their birth weight (R2 = 0.51; P<.001) and gestational age (R2 = 0.49; P<.001). Age at evaluation had
no significant correlation with mean difference in cognitive scores (R2 = 0.12; P = .20).
Preterm-born children showed increases in externalizing and internalizing
behaviors in 81% of studies and had more than twice the RR for developing
ADHD (pooled RR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.85-3.78). No differences were noted in cognition
and behaviors based on the quality of the study.ConclusionsChildren who were born preterm are at risk for reduced cognitive test
scores and their immaturity at birth is directly proportional to the mean
cognitive scores at school age. Preterm-born children also show an increased
incidence of ADHD and other behaviors.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/195181/JMA10039.pdf

Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis.

A significant and core text in occupational therapy for more than 8 years, Dr Ann Wilcock's revolutionary "An Occupational Perspective of Health" has been updated and enhanced into a much-anticipated Second Edition This unique text that examines the relationship between occupation, health, and ill-health explores the occupational experience within populations and offers more information critical to the practice of occupational therapy Based on extensive studies of human history and occupation, Dr Wilcock takes a holistic approach of health in line with that of the World Health Organization, examining the necessity for occupational therapists and their role in promoting health and well-being for all people "An Occupational Perspective of Health" uncovers a different way to understand health by exploring the physical, social, mental, environmental, and spiritual dimensions that lead to or result from occupation Dr Wilcock takes a global perspective by approaching health from this angle, rather than just considering medical or social factors The text considers the growth, development, and enhancement potential of involvement This valuable resource supports and explains the historical and rational foundations of the advancing field of occupational therapy, by showing the link between occupation and existence Addressed in this edition are: a conceptualization of health in the past, present, and future; the role of occupation in human life, health, and survival; occupation as a positive or negative influence on well-being; the potential contribution of occupational therapy to current WHO public/population health objectives; and possible action for OTs to become recognized as health-promoting professionals at population levels Clinicians and students of occupational therapy, as well as other professionals working in public health, will benefit from and relate to this admired and essential text

An Occupational Perspective of Health

Occupational science uses various concepts to denote occupation as residing within the individual. That is, despite recognizing the role of a context for the individual and her or his occupation, occupational scientists have continued to implicitly or explicitly create a dualistic view of person and context (environment). The dualism creates a problem for understanding occupation as well as the relationship of person and context. In this paper we present occupationally‐focused case studies of two individuals and assert that existing concepts of occupation in the discipline cannot encompass the situations represented by these cases. We propose the Deweyan concept of transaction as an alternative perspective for understanding occupation. The relational perspective of transactionalism means that occupation is no longer seen as a thing or as a type of self‐action or inter‐action arising from within individuals. In this view, occupation is an important mode through which human beings, as organisms‐in‐...

Occupation as Transactional Experience: A Critique of Individualism in Occupational Science

Neurodevelopmental, health, and growth status at age 6 years of children with birth weights less than 1001 grams.

Describing development as sequential sensorimotor, cognitive, and psychosocial milestones does not explain how children learn to do or improve their occupations. In response to changes within occupational therapy and challenges in early intervention, this article focuses on development of occupation and proposes a dynamic system perspective. Contemporary research suggests that processes are in place to ensure that children develop as occupational beings. Social participation and caregiving routines guide the child toward becoming occupational by introducing intentional acts and by endowing experiences with meaning. A self-organizing process enables children to integrate their immature capacities and engage in occupations. Simultaneously, caregiving shapes these emerging behaviors, ensuring that performance is culturally compatible. Finally, using self-organization to maintain occupational engagement enables the child to accommodate to maturing abilities and environmental challenges. This reorganized pattern in turn is the basis for developmental changes, new behaviors, and refinement of current abilities. Application of concepts is made to acquisition of skills for eating a meal.

Young children's occupations: explicating the dynamics of developmental processes.

Occupational science brings unique insights that enrich the knowledge‐base regarding the development of everyday activities. Grounded in a synthesis of the literature, this paper articulates a contextual model of the processes that bring about the emergence of an occupation and transformations in how it is performed and experienced. Change originates from multiple synergistic forces described by three clusters of propositions. First, at the societal level propositions explain how a community creates occupational opportunities and supports the development of its members. A second cluster of propositions describe how dynamic social transactions and collaborating in an activity contributes to change. The final cluster summarizes how the self‐organizing process that underlies an individual's occupational engagement contributes to development of an occupation. Notes from observations made of toddlers and their teachers illustrate how development of occupation is simultaneously societal, social, and in...

Model of Processes Transforming Occupations: Exploring Societal and Social Influences

Children's learning to do everyday activities seems so obvious that the mechanisms bringing about the development of occupations remain essentially unstudied. Therefore, occupational therapy uses developmental models from other disciplines as foundation for practice. We specialists in childhood occupations need a theory-based and empirically tested body of knowledge about the processes leading to change to inform practice and guide interventions during efficacy studies. One body of knowledge about developmental mechanisms views change as originating from within the child and informs practice centered on changing the child. Given the inseparable nature of children and their social environments and daily activities, we introduce the philosophy of contextualism and outline a potential body of knowledge about a change process that is occupation centered. An intervention arising from a contextual perspective illustrates how this way of thinking leads to occupation-centered practice that uses multiple strategies and supports a child's occupation with social participation with peers.

Ruth Humphry

Papers

Occupation as Transactional Experience: A Critique of Individualism in Occupational Science

Neurodevelopmental, health, and growth status at age 6 years of children with birth weights less than 1001 grams.

Young children's occupations: explicating the dynamics of developmental processes.

Model of Processes Transforming Occupations: Exploring Societal and Social Influences

An occupation-centered discussion of development and implications for practice.