A survey on vehicular cloud computing

With the rapid development of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), vehicular communication networks have been widely studied in recent years. Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) can provide efficient real-time information exchange among vehicles without the need of pervasive roadside communication infrastructure. Although mobile cellular networks are capable of providing wide coverage for vehicular users, the requirements of services that require stringent real-time safety cannot always be guaranteed by cellular networks. Therefore, the Heterogeneous Vehicular NETwork (HetVNET), which integrates cellular networks with DSRC, is a potential solution for meeting the communication requirements of the ITS. Although there are a plethora of reported studies on either DSRC or cellular networks, joint research of these two areas is still at its infancy. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on recent wireless networks techniques applied to HetVNETs. Firstly, the requirements and use cases of safety and non-safety services are summarized and compared. Consequently, a HetVNET framework that utilizes a variety of wireless networking techniques is presented, followed by the descriptions of various applications for some typical scenarios. Building such HetVNETs requires a deep understanding of heterogeneity and its associated challenges. Thus, major challenges and solutions that are related to both the Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers in HetVNETs are studied and discussed in detail. Finally, we outline open issues that help to identify new research directions in HetVNETs.

Heterogeneous Vehicular Networking: A Survey on Architecture, Challenges, and Solutions

Today, vehicles are increasingly being connected to the Internet of Things which enable them to provide ubiquitous access to information to drivers and passengers while on the move. However, as the number of connected vehicles keeps increasing, new requirements (such as seamless, secure, robust, scalable information exchange among vehicles, humans, and roadside infrastructures) of vehicular networks are emerging. In this context, the original concept of vehicular ad-hoc networks is being transformed into a new concept called the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). We discuss the benefits of IoV along with recent industry standards developed to promote its implementation. We further present recently proposed communication protocols to enable the seamless integration and operation of the IoV. Finally, we present future research directions of IoV that require further consideration from the vehicular research community.

Internet of Vehicles: Architecture, Protocols, and Security

Internet of Things is smartly changing various existing research areas into new themes, including smart health, smart home, smart industry, and smart transport. Relying on the basis of “smart transport,” Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is evolving as a new theme of research and development from vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). This paper presents a comprehensive framework of IoV with emphasis on layered architecture, protocol stack, network model, challenges, and future aspects. Specifically, following the background on the evolution of VANETs and motivation on IoV an overview of IoV is presented as the heterogeneous vehicular networks. The IoV includes five types of vehicular communications, namely, vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-roadside, vehicle-to-infrastructure of cellular networks, vehicle-to-personal devices, and vehicle-to-sensors. A five layered architecture of IoV is proposed considering functionalities and representations of each layer. A protocol stack for the layered architecture is structured considering management, operational, and security planes. A network model of IoV is proposed based on the three network elements, including cloud, connection, and client. The benefits of the design and development of IoV are highlighted by performing a qualitative comparison between IoV and VANETs. Finally, the challenges ahead for realizing IoV are discussed and future aspects of IoV are envisioned.

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/145531/1/3ecec2a2f6e38b0824ccca63f66259e9.pdf

Internet of Vehicles: Motivation, Layered Architecture, Network Model, Challenges, and Future Aspects

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming the most promising research topic in intelligent transportation systems, because they provide information to deliver comfort and safety to both drivers and passengers. However, unique characteristics of VANETs make security, privacy, and trust management challenging issues in VANETs’ design. This survey article starts with the necessary background of VANETs, followed by a brief treatment of main security services, which have been well studied in other fields. We then focus on an in-depth review of anonymous authentication schemes implemented by five pseudonymity mechanisms. Because of the predictable dynamics of vehicles, anonymity is necessary but not sufficient to thwart tracking an attack that aims at the drivers’ location profiles. Thus, several location privacy protection mechanisms based on pseudonymity are elaborated to further protect the vehicles’ privacy and guarantee the quality of location-based services simultaneously. We also give a comprehensive analysis on various trust management models in VANETs. Finally, considering that current and near-future applications in VANETs are evaluated by simulation, we give a much-needed update on the latest mobility and network simulators as well as the integrated simulation platforms. In sum, this paper is carefully positioned to avoid overlap with existing surveys by filling the gaps and reporting the latest advances in VANETs while keeping it self-explained.

A Survey on Recent Advances in Vehicular Network Security, Trust, and Privacy

A comprehensive survey on vehicular Ad Hoc network

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have emerged as an application of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which use dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) to allow vehicles in close proximity to communicate with each other or to communicate with roadside equipment. Applying wireless access technology in vehicular environments has led to the improvement of road safety and a reduction in the number of fatalities caused by road accidents through development of road safety applications and facilitation of information sharing between moving vehicles regarding the road. This paper focuses on developing a novel and nonintrusive driver behavior detection system using a context-aware system in VANETs to detect abnormal behaviors exhibited by drivers and to warn other vehicles on the road to prevent accidents from happening. A five-layer context-aware architecture is proposed, which is able to collect contextual information about the driving environment, to perform reasoning about certain and uncertain contextual information, and to react upon that information. A probabilistic model based on dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) in real time, inferring four types of driving behavior (normal, drunk, reckless, and fatigue) by combining contextual information about the driver, the vehicle, and the environment, is presented. The dynamic behavior model can capture the static and the temporal aspects related to the behavior of the driver, thus leading to robust and accurate behavior detection. The evaluation of behavior detection using synthetic data proves the validity of our model and the importance of including contextual information about the driver, the vehicle, and the environment.

Context-Aware Driver Behavior Detection System in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Worldwide, traffic accidents cause over a million fatalities every year. Thus, improving road safety and saving people's lives is an international priority. One major challenge faced by researchers is to design an ideal system that is able to predict road accidents and implement efficient prevention actions. Context-aware systems are those systems that are able to sense, reason and react upon the current contextual information. Utilising those systems in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) might improve road safety and enhance traffic efficiency. This paper introduces a context-aware accidents prediction and prevention system taking into account the most contributory factors that cause road accidents including factors related to the driver, the environment, the vehicle and other vehicles on the road. A context-aware architecture based on VANET's On Board Unit (OBU) is presented. The architecture is divided into three phases: physical phase, thinking phase and application phase, which represent the three main subsystems of context-aware systems: the sensing, the reasoning and the acting subsystem respectively. In the thinking phase, a Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBN) model has been proposed to predict the accident likelihood and the severity level. The evaluation of the proposed system showed good results in predicting accidents and their levels of severity.

Context Aware Accidents Prediction and Prevention System for VANET

There are two major concerns in the development of current workflow system The first is security considerations and the second is context awareness Modern workflow systems cross the boundaries of organisations, each may have its own security requirements, policies and constraints Even within one organisation, activities in a workflow system may be executed, in one of its instances, within a platform, but in another instance it may be executed or performed on a different platform with completely different environment Indeed it may not even be automated This lends modern workflow systems to be security and context-critical This is in addition to the fact that some of its activities must satisfy variety of hard timing constraints Current specification and design languages for workflow systems are inadequate in dealing with context-aware secure workflows This paper presents a sound wide-spectrum language, CS − F l o w , for the specification and design of context-aware, secure workflow systems As workflow systems have strong temporal aspects (eg activity sequencing, deadline, scheduling constraints, etc), the proposed CS − F l o w is equipped with a rich set of temporal constructs together with temporal proof rules which can be used to be integrated with temporal expert systems, hence enhancing the capabilities of current workflow software In addition, CS − F l o w is supported by a proof system which underpins the workflow engine that provides decision service using its state to make some decision and update the workflow state CS − F l o w therefore provides a sound linkage between expert systems and workflow engines

The specification and design of secure context-aware workflows

Wireless communications and mobile computing have led to the enhancement of, and improvement in, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) that focus on road safety applications. As a promising technology and a core component of ITS, Vehicle Ad hoc Networks (VANET) have emerged as an application of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET), which use Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) to allow vehicles in close proximity to communicate with one another, or to communicate with roadside equipment. These types of communication open up a wide range of potential safety and non-safety applications, with the aim of providing an intelligent driving environment that will offer road users more pleasant journeys. VANET safety applications are considered to represent a vital step towards improving road safety and enhancing traffic efficiency, as a consequence of their capacity to share information about the road between moving vehicles. This results in decreasing numbers of accidents and increasing the opportunity to save people’s lives. Many researchers from different disciplines have focused their research on the development of vehicle safety applications. Designing an accurate and efficient driver behaviour detection system that can detect the abnormal behaviours exhibited by drivers (i.e. drunkenness and fatigue) and alert them may have an impact on the prevention of road accidents. Moreover, using Context-aware systems in vehicles can improve the driving by collecting and analysing contextual information about

Saif Al-Sultan

Papers

A comprehensive survey on vehicular Ad Hoc network

Context-Aware Driver Behavior Detection System in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Context Aware Accidents Prediction and Prevention System for VANET

The specification and design of secure context-aware workflows

Context Aware Drivers' Behaviour Detection System for VANET