The paper deals with the problem of embeddedness of economic behavior in the social relations. This part of the text contains the theoretical definitions of embeddedness. The author analyzes over- and half-socialized concepts of human action in sociology and in economics. The issues of trust and fraud in economic life are in the focus.

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Economic Action and Social Structure: the Problem of Embeddedness

It is a daunting honor to deliver the inaugural Pool Lecture. Ithiel de Sola Pool was a brilliant, broad-gauged scholar whose interests ranged from the Nazi elite to direct satellite broadcasting, from the first rigorous computer simulation of electoral behavior to the development of network theory, from which he invented "small world" research. He helped found the field of political communications. A graduate of the University of Chicago's political science department during its classic golden age, and first chair of the MIT political science department, Pool must also have been a remarkable teacher, for his students continue to contribute to our understanding of technology, communications, and political behavior. When I accepted this honor, I did not guess how close my own inquiry would lead me to Pool's own professional turf. I shall return to the contemporary relevance of Pool's insights at the conclusion of this talk.

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Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America

Research on framing is characterized by theoretical and empirical vagueness. This is due, in part, to the lack of a commonly shared theoretical model underlying framing research. Conceptual problems translate into operational problems, limiting the comparability of instruments and results. In this paper I systematize the fragmented approaches to framing in political communication and integrate them into a comprehensive model. I classify previous approaches to framing research along two dimensions: the type of frame examined (media frames vs. audience frames) and the way frames are operationalized (independent variable or dependent variable). I develop a process model of framing, identifying four key processes that should be addressed in future research: frame building, frame setting, individual-level processes of framing, and a feedback loop from audiences to journalists.

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Framing as a theory of media effects

Introduction 1. Concepts and definitions 2. Pathologies 3. Barbarism 4. A theory of irregular war I: collaboration 5. A theory of irregular war II: control 6. The logic of indiscriminate violence 7. A theory of selective violence 8. Empirics I: comparative evidence 9. Empirics II: microcomparative evidence 10. Intimacy 11. Cleavage and agency Conclusion.

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The Logic of Violence in Civil War

Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential knowledge of descriptive representatives enhances their substantive representation of the group's interests by improving the quality of deliberation. In contexts of historical political subordination and low de facto legitimacy, descriptive representation helps create a social meaning of "ability to rule" and increases the attachment to the polity of members of the group. When the implementation of descriptive representation involves some costs in other values, paying those costs makes most sense in these specific historical contexts.

https://wappp.hks.harvard.edu/files/wappp/files/should_blacks_represent_blacks_and_women_represent_women_a_contingent_yes1.pdf

Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent "Yes"

\"The Reasoning Voter\" is an insider's look at campaigns, candidates, media, and voters that convincingly argues that voters make informed logical choices. Samuel L. Popkin analyzes three primary campaigns Carter in 1976; Bush and Reagan in 1980; and Hart, Mondale, and Jackson in 1984 to arrive at a new model of the way voters sort through commercials and sound bites to choose a candidate. Drawing on insights from economics and cognitive psychology, he convincingly demonstrates that, as trivial as campaigns often appear, they provide voters with a surprising amount of information on a candidate's views and skills. For all their shortcomings, campaigns \"do\" matter. \"If you're preparing to run a presidential campaign, and only have time to read one book, make sure to read Sam Popkin's \"The Reasoning Voter.\" If you have time to read two books, read \"The Reasoning Voter\" twice.\" James Carville, Senior Stategist, Clinton/Gore '92 \"A fresh and subtle analysis of voter behavior.\" Thomas Byrne Edsall, \"New York Review of Books\"\"Professor Popkin has brought V.O. Key's contention that voters are rational into the media age. This book is a useful rebuttal to the cynical view that politics is a wholly contrived business, in which unscrupulous operatives manipulate the emotions of distrustful but gullible citizens. The reality, he shows, is both more complex and more hopeful than that.\" David S. Broder, \"The Washington Post\"\

The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns

"The Reasoning Voter" is an insider's look at campaigns, candidates, media, and voters that convincingly argues that voters make informed logical choices. Samuel L. Popkin analyzes three primary campaigns Carter in 1976; Bush and Reagan in 1980; and Hart, Mondale, and Jackson in 1984 to arrive at a new model of the way voters sort through commercials and sound bites to choose a candidate. Drawing on insights from economics and cognitive psychology, he convincingly demonstrates that, as trivial as campaigns often appear, they provide voters with a surprising amount of information on a candidate's views and skills. For all their shortcomings, campaigns "do" matter. "If you're preparing to run a presidential campaign, and only have time to read one book, make sure to read Sam Popkin's "The Reasoning Voter." If you have time to read two books, read "The Reasoning Voter" twice." James Carville, Senior Stategist, Clinton/Gore '92 "A fresh and subtle analysis of voter behavior." Thomas Byrne Edsall, "New York Review of Books""Professor Popkin has brought V.O. Key's contention that voters are rational into the media age. This book is a useful rebuttal to the cynical view that politics is a wholly contrived business, in which unscrupulous operatives manipulate the emotions of distrustful but gullible citizens. The reality, he shows, is both more complex and more hopeful than that." David S. Broder, "The Washington Post""

Popkin develops a model of rational peasant behavior and shows how village procedures result from the self-interested interactions of peasants. This political economy view of peasant behavior stands in contrast to the model of a distinctive peasant moral economy in which the village community is primarily responsible for ensuring the welfare of its members.

The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam

The reasoning voter

1. Beyond rationality: reason and the study of politics Arthur Lupia, Mathew D. McCubbins and Samuel L. Popkin Part I. External Elements of Reason: 2. Shared mental models: ideologies and institutions Arthur T. Denzau and Douglass C. North 3. The institutional foundations of political competence: how citizens learn what they need to know Arthur Lupia and Mathew D. McCubbins 4. Taking sides: a fixed choice theory of political reasoning Paul Sniderman 5. How people reason about ethics Norman Frohlich and Joe Oppenheimer 6. Who says what? Source credibility as a mediator of campaign advertising Shanto Iyengar and Nicholas A. Valentino 7. Affect as information: the role of public mood in political reasoning Wendy M. Rahn Part II. Internal Elements of Reason: 8. Reconsidering the rational public: cognition, heuristics, and mass opinion James H. Kuklinski and Paul J. Quirk 9. Three steps toward a theory of motivated political reasoning Milton Lodge and Charles Taber 10. Knowledge, trust, and international reasoning Samuel L. Popkin and Michael A. Dimock 11. Coping with tradeoffs: psychological constraints and political implications Philip E. Tetlock 12. Backstage cognition in reason and choice Mark Turner 13. Constructing a theory of reasoning: choice, constraints, and context Arthur Lupia, Mathew D. McCubbins and Samuel L. Popkin.

Samuel L. Popkin

Papers

The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns

The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns

The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam

The reasoning voter

Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality