The pervasiveness of wireless technology has indeed created massive opportunity to integrate almost everything into the Internet fabric. This can be seen with the advent of Internet of Things and Cyber Physical Systems, which involves cooperation of massive number of intelligent devices to provide intelligent services. Fairness amongst these devices is an important issue that can be analysed from several dimensions, e.g., energy usage, achieving required quality of services, spectrum sharing, and so on. This article focusses on these viewpoints while looking at fairness research. To generalize, mainly wireless networks are considered. First, we present a general view of fairness studies, and pose three core questions that help us delineate the nuances in defining fairness. Then, the existing fairness models are summarized and compared. We also look into the major fairness research domains in wireless networks such as fair energy consumption control, power control, topology control, link and flow scheduling, channel assignment, rate allocation, congestion control and routing protocols. We make a distinction amongst fairness, utility and resource allocation to begin with. Later, we present their inter-relation. At the end of this article, we list the common properties of fairness and give an example of fairness management. Several open research challenges that point to further work on fairness in wireless networks are also discussed. Indeed, the research on fairness is entangled with many other aspects such as performance, utility, optimization and throughput at the network and node levels. While consolidating the contributions in the literature, this article tries to explain the niceties of all these aspects in the domain of wireless networking.

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Fairness in Wireless Networks:Issues, Measures and Challenges

The wireless sensor network (WSN) technology spawns a surge of unforeseen applications. The diversity of these emerging applications represents the great success of this technology. A fundamental performance benchmark of such applications is topology control, which characterizes how well a sensing field is monitored and how well each pair of sensors is mutually connected in WSNs. This paper provides an overview of topology control techniques. We classify existing topology control techniques into two categories: network coverage and network connectivity. For each category, a surge of existing protocols and techniques are presented with the focus on blanket coverage, barrier coverage, sweep coverage, power management, and power control, five rising aspects that attract significant research attention in recent years. In this survey, we emphasize the basic principles of topology control to understand the state of the arts, while we explore future research directions in the new open areas and propose a series of design guidelines under this topic.

A Survey on Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks: Taxonomy, Comparative Study, and Open Issues

The sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks are envisioned to revolutionize customer services and applications via the Internet of Things (IoT) towards a future of fully intelligent and autonomous systems. In this article, we explore the emerging opportunities brought by 6G technologies in IoT networks and applications, by conducting a holistic survey on the convergence of 6G and IoT. We first shed light on some of the most fundamental 6G technologies that are expected to empower future IoT networks, including edge intelligence, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, space-air-ground-underwater communications, Terahertz communications, massive ultra-reliable and low-latency communications, and blockchain. Particularly, compared to the other related survey papers, we provide an in-depth discussion of the roles of 6G in a wide range of prospective IoT applications via five key domains, namely Healthcare Internet of Things, Vehicular Internet of Things and Autonomous Driving, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Satellite Internet of Things, and Industrial Internet of Things. Finally, we highlight interesting research challenges and point out potential directions to spur further research in this promising area.

6G Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey

In this paper, we present an industrial development of a wireless sensor network technology called OCARI: optimization of communication for ad hoc reliable industrial networks. It targets applications in harsh environments such as power plants and warships. OCARI is a wireless-communication technology that supports mesh topology and power-aware ad hoc routing protocol aimed at maximizing the network lifetime. It is based on IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer with deterministic media access control layer for time-constrained communication. During the nontime-constrained communication period, its ad hoc routing strategy uses an energy-aware optimized-link state-routing proactive protocol. An OCARI application layer (APL) is based on ZigBee application support sublayer and APL primitives and profiles to provide maximum compatibility with ZigBee applications. To fully assess this technology, extensive tests are done in industrial facilities at ElectricitEacute De France R&D as well as at Direction des Constructions Navales Services. Our objective is then to promote this specification as an open standard of industrial wireless technology.

Which Wireless Technology for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks? The Development of OCARI Technology

The sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication networks are envisioned to revolutionize customer services and applications via the Internet of Things (IoT) toward a future of fully intelligent and autonomous systems. In this article, we explore the emerging opportunities brought by 6G technologies in IoT networks and applications, by conducting a holistic survey on the convergence of 6G and IoT. We first shed light on some of the most fundamental 6G technologies that are expected to empower future IoT networks, including edge intelligence, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, space–air–ground–underwater communications, Terahertz communications, massive ultrareliable and low-latency communications, and blockchain. Particularly, compared to the other related survey papers, we provide an in-depth discussion of the roles of 6G in a wide range of prospective IoT applications via five key domains, namely, healthcare IoTs, Vehicular IoTs and Autonomous Driving, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Satellite IoTs, and Industrial IoTs. Finally, we highlight interesting research challenges and point out potential directions to spur further research in this promising area. 

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The diversity of the applications supported by wireless ad hoc and sensor networks explain the success of these networks. However, their energy constrained nature requires the use of energy efficient strategies to maximize network lifetime. We can classify these strategies in four categories: 1. energy efficient routing, 2. scheduling the nodes sleeping state, 3. topology control by tuning node transmission power and 4. reducing the volume of information transferred. For each category, a state of the art is given and new protocols are presented. The best energy efficiency will be obtained by combining all the four categories of strategies. A cross-layering approach is a promising tradeoff between generic solutions and solutions optimized for a specific application.

Survey of Energy Efficient Strategies in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have many fields of application, including industrial, environmental and military domains. Monitoring a given zone is one of the main goals of this technology. This consists in deploying sensor nodes in order to detect any event occurring in the zone and report it to the sink. We present a survey that focuses on coverage and connectivity issues in WSNs. We motivate our study by giving different use cases corresponding to different coverage, connectivity, latency and robustness requirements of the applications considered. We present a general and detailed analysis of deployment problems, while highlighting the impacting factors, the common assumptions and models adopted in the literature, as well as performance criteria for evaluation purposes. Different deployment algorithms for area, barrier, and points of interest are studied and classified according to their characteristics and properties. Before concluding, we look at current trends and discuss some open issues.

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Survey of deployment algorithms in wireless sensor networks: coverage and connectivity issues and challenges

Energy efficiency is a key issue in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. Several directions have been explored to maximize network lifetime, among them energy efficient routing. In this paper, we show how to extend the standardized OLSR routing protocol, in order to make it energy efficient. To take into account residual node energy, three new selection algorithms of multipoint relays, based on the minimum residual energy are evaluated, the best one is chosen. This OLSR extension selects the path minimizing the energy consumed in the end-to-end transmission of a flow packet and avoids nodes with low residual energy. We compare this extension with a two-path source routing strategy (with different links or different nodes). An extensive performance evaluation shows that this energy efficient extension maximizes both network lifetime and user data delivered.

An Energy Efficient Routing Based on OLSR in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Botnet is one of the most dangerous cyber-security issues. The botnet infects unprotected machines and keeps track of the communication with the command and control server to send and receive malicious commands. The attacker uses botnet to initiate dangerous attacks such as DDoS, fishing, data stealing, and spamming. The size of the botnet is usually very large, and millions of infected hosts may belong to it. In this paper, we addressed the problem of botnet detection based on network’s flows records and activities in the host. Thus, we propose a general technique capable of detecting new botnets in early phase. Our technique is implemented in both sides: host side and network side. The botnet communication traffic we are interested in includes HTTP, P2P, IRC, and DNS using IP fluxing. HANABot algorithm is proposed to preprocess and extract features to distinguish the botnet behavior from the legitimate behavior. We evaluate our solution using a collection of real datasets (malicious and legitimate). Our experiment shows a high level of accuracy and a low false positive rate. Furthermore, a comparison between some existing approaches was given, focusing on specific features and performance. The proposed technique outperforms some of the presented approaches in terms of accurately detecting botnet flow records within Netflow traces.

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Hybrid Botnet Detection Based on Host and Network Analysis

Energy efficiency is a key issue in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. In order to maximize network lifetime, several directions have been explored, among them energy efficient routing. In this paper, we show how to extend the standardized OLSR routing protocol, in order to make it energy efficient. This extension selects the path minimizing the energy consumed in the end-to-end transmission of a flow packet and avoids nodes with low residual energy. As it has been shown that two-path routing is energy efficient, we compare this extension with a two-path source routing strategy (with different links or different nodes). Moreover, to take into account residual node energy, the native selection of multipoint relays of OLSR is changed. Three selection algorithms based on the minimum residual energy are evaluated. An extensive performance evaluation allows us to choose for EOLSR (Energy efficient OLSR) the best variant maximizing both network lifetime and delivery rate.

Saoucene Mahfoudh

Papers

Survey of Energy Efficient Strategies in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Survey of deployment algorithms in wireless sensor networks: coverage and connectivity issues and challenges

An Energy Efficient Routing Based on OLSR in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Hybrid Botnet Detection Based on Host and Network Analysis

Eolsr: an energy efficient routing protocol in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks