Preface Chapter 1 The challenge Chapter 2 The nature of the evidence: A synthesis of meta-analyses Chapter 3 The argument: Visible teaching and visible learning Chapter 4: The contributions from the student Chapter 5 The contributions from the home Chapter 6 The contributions from the school Chapter 7 The contributions from the teacher Chapter 8 The contributions from the curricula Chapter 9 The contributions from teaching approaches - I Chapter 10 The contributions from teaching approaches - II Chapter 11: Bringing it all together Appendix A: The 800 meta-analyses Appendix B: The meta-analyses by rank order References

Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement

The theoretical and empirical underpinnings of teacher efficacy are examined to bring coherence to the construct and its measurement. First, we explore the correlates of teacher efficacy revealed using various instruments and search for patterns that suggest a better understanding of the construct. Next, we introduce a model of teacher efficacy that reconciles two competing conceptual strands found in the literature. Then we examine implications of the research on teacher efficacy for teacher preparation and suggest strategies for improving the efficacy of inservice teachers. Finally, we propose new directions for research in light of the proposed model.

https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/RERTeacherEfficacy1998.pdf

Teacher Efficacy: Its Meaning and Measure

Numerous theories in social and health psychology assume that intentions cause behaviors. However, most tests of the intention- behavior relation involve correlational studies that preclude causal inferences. In order to determine whether changes in behavioral intention engender behavior change, participants should be assigned randomly to a treatment that significantly increases the strength of respective intentions relative to a control condition, and differences in subsequent behavior should be compared. The present research obtained 47 experimental tests of intention-behavior relations that satisfied these criteria. Meta-analysis showed that a medium-to-large change in intention (d = 0.66) leads to a small-to-medium change in behavior (d = 0.36). The review also identified several conceptual factors, methodological features, and intervention characteristics that moderate intention-behavior consistency.

/pdf/does-changing-behavioral-intentions-engender-behavior-change-4nqh8nlgfo.pdf

Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence.

This chapter addresses two questions; how big is the “gap” between intentions and behavior, and what psychological variables might be able to “bridge” the intention–behavior gap? A meta-analysis of meta-analyses is used to quantify the gap and a conceptual analysis of intention–behavior discrepancies is presented. Research is described on the extent to which four groups of variables—behavior type, intention type, properties of intention, and cognitive and personality variables—moderate intention–behavior relations. Finally, the scope of the intention construct is discussed in the light of recent evidence concerning the role of habits and automaticity in human behavior.

Intention–Behavior Relations: A Conceptual and Empirical Review

Holding a strong goal intention (“I intend to reach Z !”) does not guarantee goal achievement, because people may fail to deal effectively with self‐regulatory problems during goal striving. This review analyzes whether realization of goal intentions is facilitated by forming an implementation intention that spells out the when, where, and how of goal striving in advance (“If situation Y is encountered, then I will initiate goal‐directed behavior X !”). Findings from 94 independent tests showed that implementation intentions had a positive effect of medium‐to‐large magnitude ( d = .65) on goal attainment. Implementation intentions were effective in promoting the initiation of goal striving, the shielding of ongoing goal pursuit from unwanted influences, disengagement from failing courses of action, and conservation of capability for future goal striving. There was also strong support for postulated component processes: Implementation intention formation both enhanced the accessibility of specified opportunities and automated respective goal‐directed responses. Several directions for future research are outlined.

/pdf/implementation-intentions-and-goal-achievement-a-meta-4awoi9wm93.pdf

Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes

Protection motivation theory (PMT) was introduced by Rogers in 1975 and has since been widely adopted as a framework for the prediction of and intervention in health-related behavior. However. PMT remains the only major cognitive model of behavior not to have been the subject of a meta-analytic review. A quantitative review of PMT is important to assess its overall utility as a predictive model and to establish which of its variables would be most useful to address health-education interventions. The present paper provides a comprehensive introduction to PMT and its application to health-related behavior, together with a quantitative review of the applications of PMT to health-related intentions and behavior. The associations between threat- and coping-appraisal variables and intentions, and all components of the model and behavior were assessed both by meta-analysis and by vote-count procedures. Threat- and coping-appraisal components of PMT were found to be useful in the prediction of health-related intentions. The model was found to be useful in predicting concurrent behavior, but of less utility in predicting future behavior. The coping-appraisal component of the model was found to have greater predictive validity than was the threat-appraisal component. The main findings are discussed in relation to theory and research on social cognition models. The importance of the main findings to health education is also discussed, and future research directions are suggested.

Prediction and Intervention in Health-Related Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of Protection Motivation Theory

their psychological and physical well-being (e.g. clinicians and researchers). These caveats notwithstanding, on balance, this text is a comprehensive and scholarly body of work that will be a valuable resource for an array of professionals including researchers, clinicians, teaching professors, and health care administrators. Overall, the authors do an excellent job of reviewing empirical studies and intervention strategies from diverse settings that are specific to adolescents from different minority groups. These reviews provide cogent discussions about an array of outcomes (e.g. cardiovascular disease, drug abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, obesity, eating disorders, physical activity, and delinquent behavior). When data were available, information is presented on African American, Asian and Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and Native American samples. The reader is cautioned, however, not to view members of these ethnic groups as being homogenous with regard to the individual and sociocultural factors that may act individually or in concert to influence health outcomes. Toward this end, intra-ethnic group comparisons are also presented—data permitting. The chapter discussing psychological/social/cultural perspectives on health provides an excellent backdrop for the necessity of these group and sub-group comparisons. For example, the authors highlight how some groups/sub-groups of minorities are ‘especially disadvantaged’, whereas others are ‘relatively well off’. The authors do an excellent job of discussing the material in a way that goes beyond merely citing statistics and reviewing theoretical jargon. For example, some chapters include conceptual models which facilitate hypothesis generation and testing. Additionally, many of the chapters contain discussions which help the reader translate theories and empirical findings into practice. That is, the authors cover implications for clinicians which include concrete recommendations, as well as a review of research/intervention strategies that appear to be efficacious for given populations and those that do not appear to be as effective. The chapter covering multisystemic therapy is particularly noteworthy, given the authors’ step-by-step description of the initial assessment, treatment planning and delivery, and therapist characteristics. The authors also review four outcome studies using multisystemic therapy to address delinquent behavior, substance abuse/dependence, parent symptomalogy/monitoring, and family functioning. In summary, this text provides a broad and generally thorough review of developing theoretical and empirical knowledge about health behaviors of minority adolescents. The reader will find excellent discussions of the individual, familial, and sociocultural factors related to health behaviors and outcomes. The editors provide 14 chapters with stimulating insights into research and practice that will be of interest to professionals from various health-related disciplines.

Self-efficacy in changing societies.

Objective: This study compared a motivational intervention based on protection motivation theory (PMT, Rogers, 1975, 1983) with the same motivational intervention augmented by a volitional intervention based on implementation intentions (Gollwitzer, 1993)

Design: The study had a longitudinal design, involving three waves of data collection over a 2-week period, incorporating an experimental manipulation of PMT variables at Time 1 and a volitional, implementation intention intervention at Time 2

Method: Participants (N=248) were randomly allocated to a control group or one of two intervention groups Cognitions and exercise behaviour were measured at three time-points over a 2-week period

Results: The motivational intervention significantly increased threat and coping appraisal and intentions to engage in exercise but did not bring about a significant increase in subsequent exercise behaviour In contrast, the combined protection motivation theory/implementation intention intervention had a dramatic effect on subsequent exercise behaviour Thisvolitional intervention did not influence behavioural intention or any other motivational variables

Conclusions: It is concluded that supplementing PMT with implementation intentions strengthens the ability of the model to explain behaviour This has implications for health education programmes, which should aim to increase both participants' motivation and their volition

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1348/135910702169420

Combining motivational and volitional interventions to promote exercise participation: Protection motivation theory and implementation intentions

1. 1 The intention-behaviour relation Several theories that have been used extensively to predict health behaviours construe the person's intention to act as the most immediate and important predictor of subsequent action, such as, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen 1991; Conner and Sparks, Chapter 5 in this volume) and protection motivation theory (PMT; Rogers 1983; Norman et al., Chapter 3 in this volume). Intentions can be defined as the instructions that people give themselves to perform particular behaviours or to achieve certain goals (Triandis 1980) and are characteristicaIly measured by items of the form 'I intend to do/achieve X.' Intentions are the culmination of the decision-making process; they signal the end of deliberation about a behaviour and capture the standard of performance that one has set oneself, one's commitment to the performance, and the amount of time and effort that will be expended during action (GoIlwitzer 1990; Ajzen 1991; Webb and Sheeran 2005). Given the centrality of the concept of intention to models of health behaviour, it is important to ask how weIl intentions predict behaviour. Sheeran (2002) approached this question by conducting a meta-analysis of meta-analyses of prospective tests of the intention-behaviour relation. Across 422 studies involving a sampie of 82,107 participants, intentions accounted for 28 per cent of the variance in behaviour, on average. R 2 = 0.28 constitutes a 'large' effect size according to Cohen's (1992) power primer, which suggests that intentions are 'good' predictors of behaviour. Moreover, 28 per cent of the variance may underestimate the 'true' relation between intention and behaviour because this value was not corrected for

Implementation intentions and health behaviour

The theory of planned behavior suggests attitudes are a product of salient beliefs. This study examined whether aggregating salient beliefs was plausible within a more biologically centered information-processing environment. A neural network was used to examine associations among beliefs relating to exercise intention. Data on intentions and behavioral, normative, and control beliefs from 114 respondents were used to train (by error backpropagation) a neural network to associate beliefs with intention. The R-sup-2 between the network's estimated and self-reported intention was.66. The network's representation comprised 6 belief profiles associated with high, moderate, or low behavioral intention. The neural network accommodated complex relationships among beliefs and belief-intention associations and indicated how high-level constructs such as attitudes may be viewed as the best fit (compromise state) between aroused beliefs.

Sarah Milne

Papers

Prediction and Intervention in Health-Related Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of Protection Motivation Theory

Self-efficacy in changing societies.

Combining motivational and volitional interventions to promote exercise participation: Protection motivation theory and implementation intentions

Implementation intentions and health behaviour

A connectionist implementation of the theory of planned behavior: association of beliefs with exercise intention.