Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses.

http://www.ftf.lth.se/fileadmin/ftf/Course_pages/Faff15/Filer/Goessling_Vatten_och_turism.pdf

Tourism and water use: supply, demand, and security. An international review.

To centralise or to decentralise: an overview of the most recent trends in wastewater treatment management.

A sampling campaign was conducted in order to characterise the quality and quantity of individual domestic greywater streams. Based on the results, various scenarios of inclusion and / or exclusion of different greywater streams were explored, and their implication for on-site greywater treatment and reuse options are discussed. Domestic greywater was found to contribute as much as 55-70% of the specific daily load of TSS and BODt in municipal sewage. The kitchen sink was signalled out as a major contributor of VSS, CODt, and BODt with 58%, 42% and 48%, of their total daily load respectively. The washing machine was established as a significant contributor of sodium, phosphate and CODt (40%, 37% and 22% of the total load). The dishwasher, although contributing only 5% of the flow, was found to be a significant contributor of phosphate and boron. The wash basin was found to be the least polluting appliance. As "demand" for greywater within the urban environment is lower than its "production", it is logical...

Quality of individual domestic greywater streams and its implication for on-site treatment and reuse possibilities.

A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes.

This paper summarises the current non-potable, urban use of reclaimed water with particular reference to toilet flushing. It compares water quality standards for reclaimed water, the volumes of water required for toilet flushing and the qualities of greywater and domestic sewage that have previously been used for reuse. Worldwide examples of reuse schemes are presented with particular detail to two key European sites where greywater has been used for toilet flushing, the Millennium Dome in the UK and a residential block of flats in Annecy, France. It was demonstrated that the interest in water reuse is growing steadily, not only in acknowledged water deficient areas, but also in countries which have not historically appeared to have a water supply problem. The latter include Northern European States such as Belgium, France, the UK and Germany, as well as in tourist coastal areas and islands. This situation affords great opportunities for the creation of urban water recycling schemes.

V. Lazarova

Papers

Using recycled water for non-potable, urban uses: a review with particular reference to toilet flushing