National Institutes of Health

About: National Institutes of Health is a government organization based out in Bethesda, Maryland, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Gene. The organization has 149298 authors who have published 297896 publications receiving 21337431 citations. The organization is also known as: NIH & U.S. National Institutes of Health.

CC CKR5: A RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β Receptor as a Fusion Cofactor for Macrophage-Tropic HIV-1

Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) entry requires fusion cofactors on the CD4 + target cell. Fusin, a heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor, serves as a cofactor for T cell line-tropic isolates. The chemokines RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β, which suppress infection by macrophage-tropic isolates, selectively inhibited cell fusion mediated by the corresponding envelope glycoproteins (Envs). Recombinant CC CKR5, a G protein-coupled receptor for these chemokines, rendered CD4-expressing nonhuman cells fusion-competent preferentially with macrophage-tropic Envs. CC CKR5 messenger RNA was detected selectively in cell types susceptible to macrophage-tropic isolates. CC CKR5 is thus a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strains.

A progress report on the treatment of 157 patients with advanced cancer using lymphokine-activated killer cells and interleukin-2 or high-dose interleukin-2 alone.

Abstract: We studied the effects of adoptive immunotherapy with lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells plus interleukin-2 or therapy with high-dose interleukin-2 alone in 157 patients with metastatic cancer for whom standard therapy had proved ineffective or no standard effective treatment was available. One hundred eight patients were treated with 127 courses of LAK cells plus interleukin-2, and 49 patients were treated with 53 courses of high-dose interleukin-2 alone. Of 106 evaluable patients receiving LAK cells plus interleukin-2, 8 had complete responses, 15 had partial responses, and 10 had minor responses. The median duration of response was 10 months among those with complete responses and 6 months among those with partial responses; the patient with the longest complete response was still in remission 22 months after treatment. Of 46 evaluable patients treated with high-dose interleukin-2 alone, 1 had a complete response (remission greater than 4 months), 5 had partial responses (2, greater than 3, greater than 5, 7, and greater than 11 months), and 1 had a minor response. Seven of the total of nine complete responses still remain in remission. Hypotension, weight gain, oliguria, and elevation of bilirubin and creatinine levels were common, but these side effects resolved promptly after interleukin-2 administration was stopped. There have been four treatment-related deaths among these 157 patients. This immunotherapeutic approach can result in marked tumor regression in some patients for whom no other effective therapy is available at present. Determining its ultimate role in cancer therapy awaits further attempts to increase the therapeutic efficacy of treatment and decrease its toxicity and complexity.

Mortality Results from a Randomized Prostate-Cancer Screening Trial

Abstract: Background The effect of screening with prostate-specific–antigen (PSA) testing and digital rectal examination on the rate of death from prostate cancer is unknown. This is the first report from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial on prostate-cancer mortality. Methods From 1993 through 2001, we randomly assigned 76,693 men at 10 U.S. study centers to receive either annual screening (38,343 subjects) or usual care as the control (38,350 subjects). Men in the screening group were offered annual PSA testing for 6 years and digital rectal examination for 4 years. The subjects and health care providers received the results and decided on the type of follow-up evaluation. Usual care sometimes included screening, as some organizations have recommended. The numbers of all cancers and deaths and causes of death were ascertained. Results In the screening group, rates of compliance were 85% for PSA testing and 86% for digital rectal examination. Rates of screening in the control...

The NHGRI GWAS Catalog, a curated resource of SNP-trait associations

Abstract: The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Catalog of Published Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) Catalog provides a publicly available manually curated collection of published GWAS assaying at least 100000 singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and all SNP-trait associations with P <110 5 . The Catalog includes 1751 curated publications of 11912 SNPs. In addition to the SNP-trait association data, the Catalog also publishes a quarterly diagram of all SNP-trait associations mapped to the SNPs’ chromosomal locations. The Catalog can be accessed via a tabular web interface, via a dynamic visualization on the human karyotype, as a downloadable tab-delimited file and as an OWL knowledge base. This article presents a number of recent improvements to the Catalog, including novel ways for users to interact with the Catalog and changes to the curation infrastructure.

Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson Disease

Abstract: The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) is based on the identification of some combination of the cardinal motor signs of bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability, but few attempts have been made to develop explicit diagnostic criteria. We propose a clinical diagnostic classification based on a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the characteristic clinical features of PD. Three levels of diagnostic confidence are differentiated: Definite, Probable, and Possible. The diagnoses of Possible and Probable PD are based on clinical criteria alone. Neuropathologic confirmation is required for the diagnosis of Definite PD in patients with the clinical diagnosis of Possible or Probable PD. Criteria for histopathologic confirmation of PD are also presented.